scholarly journals Prevalence and characterization of extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacter cloacae strains in Algeria

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 804-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Nedjai ◽  
Abouddihaj Barguigua ◽  
Nassima Djahmi ◽  
Loubna Jamali ◽  
Khalid Zerouali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enterobacter Cloacae ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
Agar Dilution ◽  
Synergy Test ◽  
High Level ◽  
Genomic Typing ◽  
Microbiological Data

Introduction: Expended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacter cloacae is an important nosocomial pathogen. In this study, the prevalence and the molecular epidemiology of ESBL producing E. cloacae strains isolated from various hospitals in Annaba, Algeria were investigated. Methodology: The study involved 63 isolates of E. cloacae obtained during 2009 at the four hospitals in Annaba. The detection of ESBL was performed using the double-disk synergy test and the combined disk test. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined using the agar dilution method. The presence of blaCTX-M, blaSHV, blaTEM, and blaDHA β-lactamase genes was evaluated by PCR, and genomic typing was determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis. The clinical and microbiological data were entered into the EpiI Info database. Results: Thirty isolates (47.6%) had an ESBL phenotype. BlaCTX-M group1 (76%); blaTEM (70%) were the most prevalent, followed by blaDHA (16.6%) and blaSHV (10%). Eighteen strains expressed at least two bla genes. MICs revealed a high level of resistance to cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and cefepime.  PFGE revealed an epidemic clonal dissemination of these isolates. Various risk factors associated with the occurrence of ESBL-producing E. cloacae were detected. Conclusions: A higher frequency of ESBL-producing isolates and a diversity of β-lactamases were detected among ESBL-producing E. cloacae; these resulted from an epidemic clonal dissemination and high transference of ESBL genes between bacteria in hospital settings. Strict measures will be required to control the further spread of these pathogens in hospital settings.

scholarly journals Community Acquired Enterococcal Urinary Tract Infections and Antibiotic Resistance Profile in North India

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (01) ◽  
pp. 050-054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Varun Goel ◽  
Dinesh Kumar ◽  
Rajendra Kumar ◽  
Purva Mathur ◽  
Sarman Singh
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Urinary Tract Infections ◽  
Tertiary Care Hospital ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Agar Dilution ◽  
High Level ◽  
Tract Infections

ABSTRACT Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) remain a major problem both in hospitalized and outdoor patients. Multidrug-resistant enterococci are emerging as a major nosocomial pathogen with increasing frequency. However, the incidence of community-acquired enterococcal infections and species prevalent in India is not thoroughly investigated. Objectives: This study aims to estimate the burden of community-acquired UTIs seen at a tertiary care hospital and to identify the Enterococcus species isolated from these patients. The study also aims to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern with reference to high-level aminoglycosides and vancomycin. Materials and Methods: Semi-quantitative cultures from a total of 22,810 urine samples obtained from patients seen at various Outpatient Departments were analyzed. From them 115 nonduplicate isolates of enterococci were obtained as significant pure growth (>105 cfu/ml) and speciated. Antibiotic susceptibility was performed by Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. Vancomycin resistance screening was performed by the vancomycin screen agar method recommended by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute and confirmed by determination of minimum inhibitory concentration by agar dilution method. Results: Of 115 enterococcal isolates, 61 were identified as Enterococcus faecalis, 42 as Enterococcus faecium, 3 each as Enterococcus dispar, and Enterococcus pseudoavium. High-level gentamicin resistance (HLGR) was higher in E. faecium (47.6%) than E. faecalis (32.7%) and HLSR also showed the same pattern with 47.6% and 27.9% resistance, respectively. Vancomycin resistant enterococci accounted for 11.3% of the isolates, and out of them 53.8% were E. faecium by agar dilution method. Conclusion: High rate of resistance to antibiotics of penicillin group and aminoglycosides was observed in our tertiary care hospital even in community acquired UTIs. Hence, there is an urgent need for more rational and restricted use of antimicrobials.

scholarly journals Emergence and Spread of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Strains with High-Level Resistance to Azithromycin in Taiwan from 2001 to 2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yen-Hung Liu ◽  
Ya-Hui Wang ◽  
Chun-Hsing Liao ◽  
Po-Ren Hsueh
Keyword(s):  
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ◽  
23S Rrna ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Content Type ◽  
First Choice ◽  
Agar Dilution ◽  
High Level ◽  
Level Resistance

ABSTRACT A total of 598 Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates obtained from patients in Taiwan from 2001 to 2018 were evaluated. The MICs of ceftriaxone (CRO) and azithromycin (AZM) against the isolates were determined by the agar dilution method. N. gonorrhoeae isolates with AZM MICs of ≥1 μg/ml were identified and characterized by the presence of AZM resistance determinants. For high-level AZM-resistant (AZM-HLR) isolates (MIC ≥ 256 μg/ml), genotyping was performed using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and N. gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence typing (NG-MAST). Among the N. gonorrhoeae isolates studied, 8.7% (52/598) exhibited AZM MICs of ≥1 μg/ml. Thirteen of the 52 isolates contained A2059G (23S rRNA NG-STAR type 1) or C2611T (23S rRNA NG-STAR type 2) mutations. The prevalence of the A2059G mutation was higher in AZM-HLR isolates (P < 0.001). The −35A deletion in the promoter region of the mtrR gene did not differ between AZM-HLR isolates (100%, 10/10) and the isolates with AZM MICs of 1 μg/ml to 64 μg/ml (95.2%, 40/42) (P = 1.000). The presence of mutations in the mtrR coding region was significantly different between these two groups at 90% (9/10) and 26.2% (11/42), respectively (P < 0.001). The AZM-HLR isolates, all carrying four mutated A2059G alleles, a −35A deletion, and G45D, were classified as MLST 12039/10899 and NG-MAST 1866/16497. In conclusion, Taiwan is among the countries reporting gonococci with high-level resistance to AZM so that a single dose of 1 g ceftriaxone intramuscularly as the first choice for management of N. gonorrhoeae infection should be evaluated.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of thermophilic campylobacters isolated from patients in the town of Nis

2009 ◽  
Vol 66 (7) ◽  
pp. 522-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biljana Miljkovic-Selimovic ◽  
Tatjana Babic ◽  
Branislava Kocic ◽  
Ljiljana Ristic
Keyword(s):  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Thermophilic Campylobacter ◽  
Agar Dilution ◽  
High Level ◽  
Susceptibility Profiles ◽  
The Town

Background/Aim. In some clinical forms of human Campylobacter infections, such as prolonged diarrhea or associated with postinfections sequels, antibacterial treatment is necessary. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility of thermophilic Campylobacter strains isolated from patients with diarrhea, as well as from patients with diarrhea followed by postinfections sequels, to drugs used in the therapy of enterocolitis, and to nalidixic acid used in laboratory identification and differentiation of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. Methods. We studied the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of 131 Campylobacter strains isolated from patients with diarrhea (122 strains), diarrhea associated with rheumatic disorders (8 strains), and one strain isolated from a patient with Guillain-Barr? Syndrome following Campylobacter enterocolitis. Susceptibility testing to erythromycin, gentamicin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid was performed by the agar dilution method. Results. In the strains we investigated, resistance to gentamicin and chloramphenicol was not recorded, whereas a low rate of strains resistant to erythromycin (2.4%), a higher prevalence of strains resistant to tetracycline (9.9%), and a high level of resistance to ciprofloxacin (29.8%) and nalidixic acid (33.3%) were registered. All strains resistant to nalidixic acid were also resistant to ciprofloxacin. In addition, there was no difference in the occurrence of resistance between strains isolated from patients with diarrhea as compared to those isolated from patients with diarrhea followed by postinfection disorders. Conclusion. The fact that the most of Campylobacter strains were sensitive to erythromycin and all to gentamicin, makes erythromycin an antibiotic of choice in the treatment of Campylobacter diarrhea and gentamicin when parenteral therapy should be administered. Resistance to tetracycline and, especially, ciprofloxacin, necessitates antibiotic susceptibility testing.

scholarly journals Extremely High Incidence of Macrolide and Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Resistance among Clinical Isolates ofStreptococcus pneumoniae in Taiwan

1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 897-901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Po-Ren Hsueh ◽  
Lee-Jene Teng ◽  
Li-Na Lee ◽  
Pan-Chyr Yang ◽  
Shen-Wu Ho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
The World ◽  
Intermediate Resistance ◽  
Agar Dilution ◽  
High Level ◽  
Level Resistance

From January 1996 to December 1997, 200 isolates ofStreptococcus pneumoniae recovered from 200 patients treated at National Taiwan University Hospital were serotyped and their susceptibilities to 16 antimicrobial agents were determined by the agar dilution method. Sixty-one percent of the isolates were nonsusceptible to penicillin, exhibiting either intermediate resistance (28%) or high-level resistance (33%). About two-fifths of the isolates displayed intermediate or high-level resistance to cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, cefepime, imipenem, and meropenem. Extremely high proportions of the isolates were resistant to erythromycin (82%), clarithromycin (90%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) (87%). Among the isolates nonsusceptible to penicillin, 23.8% were resistant to imipenem; more than 60% displayed resistance to cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, cefepime, and carbapenems; 96.7% were resistant to erythromycin; and 100% were resistant to TMP-SMZ. All isolates were susceptible to rifampin and vancomycin. The MICs at which 50% and 90% of the isolates were inhibited were 0.12 and 1 μg/ml, respectively, for cefpirome, and 0.12 and 0.25 μg/ml, respectively, for moxifloxacin. Six serogroups or serotypes (23F, 19F, 6B, 14, 3, and 9) accounted for 77.5% of all isolates. Overall, 92.5% of the isolates were included in the serogroups or serotypes represented in the 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine. The incidence of macrolide and TMP-SMZ resistance for S. pneumoniae isolates in Taiwan in this study is among the highest in the world published to date.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Enterococcus Species Isolated from Various Clinical Specimens in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 173-177
Author(s):  
Ram Prasad Adhikari ◽  
S. Shrestha ◽  
A. Barakoti ◽  
J.R. Rai ◽  
R. Amatya
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Clinical Specimens ◽  
Enterococcus Spp ◽  
Gentamicin Resistance ◽  
Agar Dilution ◽  
High Level

Resistance to vancomycin and high level aminoglycosides are common among Enterococcus spp. and are being increasingly reported from different parts of the world. These resistance phenomena in enterococci have limited the therapeutic options to treat the infections caused by them. The objective of our study was to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of Enterococcus spp. (n=60) isolated over a year from clinical specimens received from patients visiting Nepal Medical College Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. All enterococci were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing, high level gentamicin resistance testing by disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration of vancomycin by agar dilution method. Prevalence of high level gentamicin resistance among enterococci was 55%. None of the isolates were resistant to vancomycin by both disc diffusion and agar dilution method. However 8.3% of them were intermediate to vancomycin. All of these vancomycin intermediate isolates were from samples from hospital admitted patients and resistant to ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin and high level gentamicin. Present findings were suggestive of possible emergence of vancomycin resistant enterococci in the hospital if immediate and adequate control measures are not implemented.

scholarly journals High level resistance to trimethoprim, cotrimoxazole and other antimicrobial agents among clinical isolates of Shigella species in Ontario, Canada – an update

1992 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 463-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Harnett
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Canadian Province ◽  
Shigella Species ◽  
Agar Dilution ◽  
High Level ◽  
Level Resistance

SUMMARYA total of 598 isolates of Shigella species (24 S. dysenteriae, 254 S. flexneri, 30 S. boydii, 290 S. sonnei) submitted to the Ontario Public Health Laboratories in 1990 were tested for their susceptibility to 14 antimicrobial agents by the agar dilution method. Overall 79·6% of isolates were resistant to one or more antimicrobial agents and 52·0% were resistant to four or more. Trimethoprim resistance ranged from 26·7% among isolates of S. boydii to 39·4% among S. flexneri strains. The majority of the 224 TMP resistant isolates (88·8%) demonstrated high level resistance (MIC > 1000 mg/1) to trimethoprim. Resistance to cotrimoxazole increased from 3% in 1978 to between 26·7 and 37·6% in 1990. MICs for 90% of isolates (MIC90S) for ampicillin, ticarcillin and piperacillin were 128 to > 256 mg/1, > 256 for tetracycline and chloramphenicol, and > 2·0/38·0 for cotrimoxazole. These results from the Canadian Province of Ontario emphasize the need for prudent use of antimicrobial agents in the treatment of shigellosis.

scholarly journals Activity of Mecillinam and Clavulanic Acid on ESBL Producing and Non- ESBL Producing Escherichia Coli Isolated From UTI Cases

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-60
Author(s):  
Khandaker Shadia ◽  
Abdullah Akhtar Ahmed ◽  
Lovely Barai ◽  
Fahmida Rahman ◽  
Nusrat Tahmina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Esbl Production ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Agar Dilution ◽  
Synergy Test ◽  
Oral Antibacterial

Mecillinam is one of the very few oral antibacterial agents used against extended spectrum ?- lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) causing urinary tract infection (UTI)). It is reported that, resistance to mecillinam can be reversed to some extent by adding beta lactamase inhibitor like clavulanic acid. The present study was aimed to determine in-vitro activity of mecillinam and mecillinam-clavulanic acid combination on the susceptibility of ESBL producing and non-ESBL producing E. coli. Total 124 E. coli (78 ESBL positive and 46 ESBL negative) isolates from urine samples of patients with UTI were included in the study. Organisms were isolated from patients attending BIRDEM General Hospital from July 2012 to December 2012. ESBL production was tested by double disc synergy test. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of mecillinam and clavulanic acid against E. coli was determined by agar dilution method. Of the total E. coli isolates, 62.9% was ESBL positive and 37.1% was negative for ESBL. Out of ESBL positive isolates, 75.6% was sensitive to mecillinam while ESBL negative isolates showed the sensitivity as 67.4%. The sensitivity to mecillinam of ESBL positive and negative isolates increased to 85.9% and 86.9% respectively by addition of clavulanic acid with mecillinam. The MIC values of intermediate and resistant isolates converted to sensitive MIC range after addition of clavulanic acid with mecillinam. Conversion of resistance of ESBL producing isolates by adding clavulanic acid was also evident by the reduction of MIC50 and MIC90 from 4?g/ml to ?1 ?g/ml and from 128 ?g/ ml to 64 ?g/ml respectively. Similar trend of reduction of MICs was also observed in non-ESBLs. In conclusion, both ESBL positive and negative E. coli demonstrated considerable sensitivity to mecillinam and the sensitivity increased significantly (p<0.05) by adding clavulanic acid with mecillinam.Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2014; 8(2): 56-60

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity of Some Components of the Essential Oils of Plants Used in the Traditional Medicine of the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley, Puebla, México

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 295
Author(s):  
Sebastián Candelaria-Dueñas ◽  
Rocío Serrano-Parrales ◽  
Marisol Ávila-Romero ◽  
Samuel Meraz-Martínez ◽  
Julieta Orozco-Martínez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Qualitative Evaluation ◽  
Bactericidal Effect ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Diffusion Technique ◽  
Agar Dilution

In Tehuacán-Cuicatlán valley (Mexico), studies have been carried out on the essential oils of medicinal plants with antimicrobial activity and it was found that they present compounds in common such as: α-pinene, β-pinene, carvacrol, eugenol, limonene, myrcene, ocimene, cineole, methyl salicylate, farnesene, and thymol. The goal of this study was to assess the antimicrobial activity of essential oils’ compounds. The qualitative evaluation was carried out by the Kirby Baüer agar diffusion technique in Gram-positive bacteria (11 strains), Gram-negative bacteria (18 strains), and yeasts (8 strains). For the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), the agar dilution method was used. All the evaluated compounds presented antimicrobial activity. The compounds eugenol and carvacrol showed the largest inhibition zones. Regarding yeasts, the compounds ocimene, cineole, and farnesene did not show any activity. The compounds eugenol, carvacrol, and thymol presented the lowest MIC; bactericidal effect was observed at MIC level for S. aureus 75MR, E. coli 128 MR, and C albicans CUSI, for different compounds, eugenol, carvacrol, and thymol. Finally, this study shows that the essential oils of plants used by the population of Tehuacán-Cuicatlán valley share compounds and some of them have antibacterial and fungicidal activity.

scholarly journals Antibiotic sensitivities of Neisseria meningitidis isolates from patients and carriers in Greece

1992 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Tzanakaki ◽  
C. C. Blackwell ◽  
J. Kremastinou ◽  
C. Kallergi ◽  
G. Kouppari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neisseria Meningitidis ◽  
School Children ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Southern Europe ◽  
Agar Dilution ◽  
Of Greece

SUMMARYUsage of antibiotics in southern Europe is less well regulated than in northern countries. The proportion (48%) of meningococci in Spain insensitive to penicillin (MIC ≥ 0·1 mg/l) prompted this investigation of antibiotic sensitivities of isolates from Greek patients with meningitis (31) and carriers (47 school-children and 472 recruits). The agar dilution method was used to determine MIC to penicillin G (PN), sulphamethoxazole (SU), rifampicin (RF), cefaclor (CF) and ciprofloxacin (CP).The proportion of isolates insensitive to PN was 48% for isolates from patients, 19% from school-children and 36·6% from recruits. Resistance to SU (MIC ≥ 16 mg/l) was found in 16% of those from patients, 10·6% from children and 40% from recruits. None of the isolates from patients was resistant to RF (≥ 1 mg/l) but 6% of those from carriers were. Resistance to CF (≥ 4 mg/l) was found in 9·2% of patient isolates, 6·4% from children and 23·7% from recruits. All isolates except one were sensitive to CP (MIC range < 0·0015–0·125 mg/l).Resistances to PN, SU and RF were analysed by serogroup, serotype and subtype of the bacteria. The proportion of resistant isolates showed some variation between different areas of Greece, but it was not statistically significant.

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