scholarly journals Plasmodium falciparum and Schistosoma mansoni coinfection and the side benefit of artemether-lumefantrine in malaria patients

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (06) ◽  
pp. 468-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solomon M Abay ◽  
Mulugeta Tilahun ◽  
Nigus Fikrie ◽  
Abiy Habtewold
Keyword(s):  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Cure Rate ◽  
Artemisinin Derivatives ◽  
Tropical Environments ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Egg Reduction Rate

Introduction: The distribution of both malaria and schistosomiasis exhibits a large geographical overlap in tropical environments, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. This part of the world currently harbours more than 85% of the estimated global burden of these diseases. Studies showed that artemisinin derivatives used for the treatment of malaria also have an antischistosomal effect. This study aimed to investigate the extent of malaria-schistosomiasis co-infection and the antischistosomal effect of artemether-lumefantrine when administered to treat falciparum malaria in Kemise, Northeast Ethiopia. Methodology: Stool samples were collected from 152 microscopically confirmed malaria patients and diagnosed for schistosomiasis using the Kato-Katz technique before treatment. The schistosomiasis cure rate and egg reduction were determined in co-infected patients, who were treated with artemether-lumefantrine,. Results: Twenty-eight out of 152 malaria patients were co-infected (18.4%, n = 152) with schistosomiasis. All 28 co-infected patients were found stool-negative for Schistosoma mansoni eggs four weeks after treatment. The extent of co-infection was associated with age, sex and educational level. Cure rate and egg reduction rate following the treatment of artemether-lumefantrine were 100%. Conclusion: The co-infection rate was associated with patient characteristics. Artemether-lumefantrine was effective against S. mansoni in co-infected patient. Multicenter and randomized trials, however, are needed for a better understanding of the efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine against schistosome infection with ranges of intensity.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Mebendazole and Praziquantel against Soil-Transmitted Helminths and Schistosoma mansoni Infections among Schoolchildren in Northwest Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Kefale Ejigu ◽  
Tadesse Hailu ◽  
Megbaru Alemu
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Northwest Ethiopia ◽  
Cure Rate ◽  
Soil Transmitted Helminths ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Periodic Evaluation ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Egg Reduction Rate

Background. Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) and Schistosoma mansoni are the main causes of morbidity among schoolchildren in the tropics. A school-based deworming program was launched to control and eliminate the infection in endemic countries including Ethiopia. Although periodic deworming is conducted in endemic areas, the prevalence of the infection is high in the country. In addition, periodic evaluation of the efficacy of the anthelminthic drug is limited. Objective. This study is aimed at checking the efficacy of mebendazole and praziquantel with the respective STHs and Schistosoma mansoni parasites. Methods. A longitudinal study was conducted from February to March 2018 among 422 schoolchildren. Stool samples were collected at baseline and at 2 and 4 weeks posttreatment and were processed using the Kato-Katz technique. Schoolchildren positive for STHs were treated with mebendazole and those positive for Schistosoma mansoni with praziquantel. After two weeks, a second round of stool was collected and examined, and then, single-dose redosing was given to each positive child. Lastly, the third stool sample was collected two weeks after the initiation of the redosing and checked for STHs and S. mansoni parasites. A close follow-up of students who were treated was done. All the data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20 for analysis. Descriptive statistics was used to compute the cure rate and egg reduction rate of mebendazole and praziquantel. Results. Among 422 participants, the prevalence of STHs, hookworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, and S. mansoni was 44.7%, 35.1%, 21.1%, and 13.9%, respectively. The cure rate of mebendazole against A. lumbricoides increased from 60% in the single dose to 100% in redosing after two weeks. The cure rate of mebendazole against hookworm also increased from 32.4% in the single dose to 91.0% in the redosing. The cure rate of praziquantel against S. mansoni-infected children was 91.5% in the first round and 100% in the redosing phase. There was a 98.6-100% egg reduction rate in the redosing regimen of both drugs. Conclusion. The cure and egg reduction rates of single-dose mebendazole in the treatment of hookworm and A. lumbricoides are lower at week two than at redosing, while cure and egg reduction rates of single-dose praziquantel are satisfactory to treat S. mansoni. Therefore, single-dose praziquantel to S. mansoni and redosing of single-dose mebendazole to A. lumbricoides and hookworm infections can be used for treatment purposes.

scholarly journals The Effectiveness of Triple Dose Albendazole in Treating Soil Transmitted Helminths Infection

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Saleha Sungkar ◽  
Kartika Q. Putri ◽  
Muhammad I. S. Taufik ◽  
Meutia N. Gozali ◽  
Pratiwi Sudarmono
Keyword(s):  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cure Rate ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Soil Transmitted Helminths ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Egg Reduction Rate ◽  
Triple Dose

Soil transmitted helminths (STH) infection is a major health problem in tropical countries such as Indonesia. Albendazole is an effective and widely used anthelmintic agent to treat STH; however, it is not effective towards T. trichiura and its effectiveness varies between populations. Hence, we conducted a study to determine the effectiveness of triple dose albendazole in children of Perobatang village, Southwest Sumba, Indonesia. A pre-post study was carried out in Perobatang village on July 2016. Children aged 1-15 years old were enrolled in the study and asked to collect stool samples which were then examined using Kato-Katz method. The children infected with STH were given albendazole 400 mg for three consecutive days. From 246 subjects examined, 192 (78%) were positive for any STH consisting of T. trichiura (64%), A. lumbricoides (60%), and hookworms (10%). After treatment, the prevalence of STH decreased significantly (McNemar test, p<0.001) to 27%, T. trichiura 25%, A. lumbricoides 2%, and hookworm 0%. Cure rate for T. trichiura, A. lumbricoides, and hookworms was 61%, 97%, and 100%, respectively. Significant decrease of eggs per gram of feces was found in all STH (Wilcoxon test, p value <0.001 for A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura, p value = 0.027 for hookworms); egg reduction rate for T. trichiura was 91%, A. lumbricoides was 100%, and hookworms was 100%. In conclusion, triple dose albendazole is effective in controlling STH in children of Perobatang village, Southwest Sumba, Indonesia.

scholarly journals The Impact of Artesunate-Amodiaquine on Schistosoma mansoni Infection among Children Infected by Plasmodium in Rural Area of Lemfu, Kongo Central, Democratic Republic of the Congo

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kennedy Makola Mbanzulu ◽  
Josué Kikana Zanga ◽  
Jean Pierre Kambala Mukendi ◽  
Felly Mbaya Ntita ◽  
Junior Rika Matangila ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Haemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal Study ◽  
Infection Pattern ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal ◽  
The Impact

Background. Malaria and schistosomiasis remain life-threatening public health problems in sub-Saharan Africa. The infection pattern related to age indicates that preschool and school-age children are at the highest risk of malaria and schistosomiasis. Both parasitic infections, separately or combined, may have negative impacts on the haemoglobin concentration levels. The existing data revealed that artemisinin derivatives commonly used to cure malaria present also in antischistosomal activities. The current study investigated the impact of Artesunate-Amodiaquine (AS-AQ) on schistosomiasis when administered to treat malaria in rural area of Lemfu, DRC. Methodology. A prospective longitudinal study including 171 coinfected children screened for anaemia, Schistosoma mansoni, and Plasmodium falciparum infections. The egg reduction rate and haemoglobin concentration were assessed four weeks after the treatment with AS-AQ, of all coinfected children of this series. Results. One hundred and twenty-five (74.4%) out of 168 coinfected children treated and present during the assessment were found stool negative for S. mansoni eggs. Out of 43 (25.6%) children who remained positives, 37 (22%) showed a partial reduction of eggs amount, and no reduction was noted in 3.6% of coinfected. The mean of haemoglobin concentration and the prevalence of anaemia were, respectively, 10.74±1.5g/dl , 11.2±1.3g/dl, and 64.8%, 51.8%, respectively, before and after treatment, p<0.001. Conclusion. The AS-AQ commonly used against Plasmodium allowed curing S. mansoni in coinfected children and increasing the Hb level. For the future, the randomized and multicentric clinical trials are needed for a better understanding of the effectiveness of AS-AQ against Schistosoma spp. The trial registration number was 3487183.

scholarly journals Efficacy of a Single Dose versus Triple Dose Regimen of Mebendazole against Hookworm Infection among School Children: A Randomized, Single blinded Trial.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tegegne Eshetu ◽  
Mulugeta Aemero ◽  
Ayalew Jejaw
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Dose Regimen ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Hookworm Infection ◽  
Cure Rate ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Egg Reduction Rate ◽  
Triple Dose

Abstract Background: The current control efforts against soil transmitted helminthic infection focused on reducing morbidity and transmission potential through periodic anthelminthic chemotherapy of single dose of mebendazole and albendazole regimen. Single dose mebendazole is one of extensively applicable drug regimen as a preventive chemotherapy in hookworm endemic areas. However, nowadays, studies reveal single dose treatment regimen has poor and unsatisfactory efficacy status against hookworm infection. We evaluated the efficacy status of single dose (500mg) versus triple dose (100mg) of mebendazole against hookworm infection among school aged children.Methods: This randomized, single-blinded clinical trial took place in a primary school on Burie and Debre Elias towns, Northwest Ethiopia among school-aged children (6-14). Using simple randomization, eligible hookworm positive children were randomly allocated (1:1) to either a single dose or triple dose of mebendazole arm. Stool samples were collected at baseline and follow-up period (14-21 days after treatment) for McMaster analysis. The primary and secondary outcome measures in this study were cure rate (CR) and egg reduction rate (ERR), respectively. Results were displayed using tables and figure. Independent t test was used to compare group means, logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratio (OR), and P-value < 0.05 at 95% CI was considered for statistical significance.Result: 109 children were allocated for each treatment arm and 103 children were completed the drug efficacy follow up study. Cure rate against hookworm was significantly higher in triple dose (96.1%) than in single dose (30.8%) with (OR=55.125; 95% CI: 11.92-254.9; P < 0.001). Egg reduction rate against hookworm infection in triple dose (99.5%) was also significantly higher than single dose (68.9%) with difference t (101) =5.38; 95% CI 230.95-505.36; P < 0.001.Conclusion: Single dose regimen of mebendazole for the treatment of hookworm infection showed poor efficacy, while triple dose revealed satisfactory efficacy. Therefore, we recommend for giving special emphasis on current deworming program which implemented through single dose mebendazole for hookworm endemic area.

scholarly journals Two or Three Consecutive Days Albendazole Treatment Has Better Efficacy than Single-Dose Albendazole Treatment for Trichuriasis

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-50
Author(s):  
Dina Evalina Gultom ◽  
Muhammad Ali ◽  
Ayodhia Pitaloka Pasaribu ◽  
Syahril Pasaribu
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Repeated Dose ◽  
Hookworm Infection ◽  
Cure Rate ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Stool Samples

BACKGROUND: Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infection is endemic in Indonesia. Singledose albendazole is routinely used to control STH infections. Some studies found that repeated-dose of albendazole showed better efficacy. There is no study in Indonesia to compare single-dose and repeated-dose albendazole for against STH infections.METHODS: A randomized, open clinical trial was conducted in July-September 2018 among primary school children. Stool samples were collected before treatment and on day 7, 14, 21, and 28 after treatment then stained using the Kato-Katz method. Group I received three consecutive days, group II received two consecutive days, and Group III received single-dose of albendazole. Cure rate (CR) and egg reduction rate (ERR) were compared using Chi-square tests, and eggs per gram (EPG) was compared using the Kruskal Wallis test (p<0.05).RESULTS: One hundred ninety-five subjects enrolled and divided into 65 subjects in each group. The CR and ERR of trichuriasis after three consecutive days (79.5% and 97.4%) and two consecutive days regimen (70.3% and 91.9%) were higher than single-dose regimen (32.2% and 74.6%) with p<0.001, but not for ascariasis or hookworm infection. The highest efficacy was found in three consecutive days regimen group. Trichuris trichiura EPG was significantly different among the three groups on day 7, 14, 21, and 28 after treatment (p<0.001).CONCLUSION: Three and two consecutive days albendazole have better efficacy than single-dose of albendazole for trichuriasis, but not for ascariasis or hookworm infection. Two consecutive days albendazole is better choice for treating trichuriasis with more adherence and less side effect than three consecutive days regimen.KEYWORDS: soil-transmitted helminth infection, albendazole, single-dose, repeated-dose

scholarly journals Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of bacterial pathogens isolated from childhood diarrhoea in four provinces of Kenya

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (07) ◽  
pp. 572-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willie Kipkemboi Sang ◽  
Valerie Oundo ◽  
David Schnabel
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Vibrio Cholera ◽  
Antimicrobial Drug Resistance ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Shigella Isolate ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Sub Saharan

Introduction: Diarrhoea is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality among children in sub-Saharan Africa, and one of the main causes of hospital admissions in rural areas of Kenya. In Kenya, antimicrobial resistance surveillance has been conducted only at the institutional levels, with limited sharing of information and analysis of data. As a result, the actual scale of regional or national antimicrobial drug resistance is not well defined. Methodology: Stool samples were collected between 1 October 2007 and 30 September 2008 from a total of 651 outpatients with diarrhoea who were under five years of age in four provinces of Kenya.  Conventional, biochemical methods, multiplex PCR and antimicrobial susceptibility were conducted to identify the bacterial causes and virulence factors in the isolates, respectively.  Results: Of the 651 patients screened, we identified the causes of 115 cases (17.7%) as follows: Pathogenic E. coli (11.2%) [enteroaggregative (8.9%), enterotoxigenic (1.2%), enteroinvasive (0.6%), shigatoxigenic (0.5%)], Salmonella (3.5%), Shigella (2%) and Vibrio cholera O1 (0.7%). The highest levels of resistance among the E. coli isolates were observed in ampicillin and trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole each at 95% followed by tetracycline at 81%. Shigella isolate levels of resistance ranged from 80% to 100% for ampicillin, tetracycline and trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole. Conclusion: The highest prevalence of antimicrobial resistance was to ampicillin followed by trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole and tetracycline. Though still at low levels, the major concern from our findings is the emerging resistance of enteric pathogens that was observed to quinolones (ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, norfloxacin) and gentamycin.

scholarly journals Treatment of intestinal helminthiasis: mebendazole only or mebendazole-pyrantel pamoate?

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 216
Author(s):  
Wisman Dalimunthe ◽  
Charles Siregar ◽  
Munar Lubis ◽  
Syahril Pasaribu ◽  
Chairuddin P. Lubis
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Multiple Infections ◽  
Cure Rate ◽  
School Students ◽  
Pyrantel Pamoate ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
Egg Reduction Rate

Background Although intestinal helminthiasis causes highmorbidity and has a negative impact on children’s growth anddevelopment, the efficacy of antihelmintics for multiplehelminthiasis in mass treatment is still doubtful.Objective To compare the efficacy of single dose mebendazoleand a combination of pyrantel pamoate and mebendazole for thetreatment of multiple infections due to Ascaris lumbricoides,hookworm, and Trichuris trichiura.Methods Subjects were elementary school students in Suka Village,Tiga Panah subdistrict, North Sumatera. They were randomizedto either receive mebendazole (M Group) or mebendazole-pyrantel pamoate group (MP Group). Stool examinations wereperfomed on each subjects on day 7, 14, 21, and 28 after treatment.Analyses were perfomed by using chi-squared and Mann-WhitneyU tests.Results The prevalence of intestinal helminthiasis was 95.4%. T.trichiura (88.7%) was the most common cause of infection followedby A. lumbricoides (79.5%), and hookworm (3.1%). Two hundredthirty nine (76.8%) children had multiple infections. Althoughthe egg reduction rate of intestinal helminthiasis in thecombination group was faster than that of the mebendazole group,there was no significant difference in the cure rate of both groups.Conclusion A single dose of mebendazole is preferred for masstreatment of multiple intestinal helminthiasis infections.

scholarly journals Effect of Phenotypic Screening of Extracts and Fractions of Erythrophleum ivorense Leaf and Stem Bark on Immature and Adult Stages of Schistosoma mansoni

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gertrude Kyere-Davies ◽  
Christian Agyare ◽  
Yaw Duah Boakye ◽  
Brian M. Suzuki ◽  
Conor R. Caffrey
Keyword(s):  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Petroleum Ether ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Phenotypic Screening ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
New Treatments

Schistosomiasis is a disease caused by a flatworm parasite that infects people in tropical and subtropical regions of Sub-Saharan Africa, South America, China, and Southeast Asia. The reliance on just one drug for current treatment emphasizes the need for new chemotherapeutic strategies. The aim of this study was to determine the phenotypic effects of extracts and fractions of leaf and stem bark of Erythrophleum ivorense (family Euphorbiaceae), a tree that grows in tropical parts of Africa, on two developmental stages of Schistosoma mansoni, namely, postinfective larvae (schistosomula or somules) and adults. Methanol leaf and stem bark extracts of E. ivorense were successively fractionated with acetone, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and methanol. These fractions were then incubated with somules at 0.3125 to 100 μg/mL and with adults at 1.25 μg/mL. The acetone fractions of both the methanol leaf and bark of E. ivorense were most active against the somules whereas the petroleum ether fractions showed least activity. For adult parasites, the acetone fraction of methanol bark extract also elicited phenotypic changes. The data arising provide the first step in the discovery of new treatments for an endemic infectious disease using locally sourced African medicinal plants.

scholarly journals Therapeutic Efficacy of Artemether-Lumefantrine for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Northern Ethiopia

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gebremedhin Kinfu ◽  
Solomon Gebre-Selassie ◽  
Nigus Fikrie
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Northern Ethiopia ◽  
Clearance Time ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Cure Rate ◽  
Fever Clearance Time ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Uncomplicated Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria

Introduction. Multidrug resistance of Plasmodium falciparum is spreading throughout Africa. This has posed major challenges to malaria control in sub-Saharan Africa. Objective. The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in North Ethiopia. Methods. This prospective study was undertaken during August–November 2009 on 71 malaria patients that fulfilled the inclusion criteria set by the WHO. Patients were followed up for 28 days. Thick and thin blood films were prepared by Giemsa stain for microscopy to determine parasite density. A standard six-dose regimen of artemether-lumefantrine was administered over three days and was followed up with clinical and parasitological evaluations over 28 days. Results. The cure rate (ACPR) was found to be high (97.2%) in this study. The parasite and fever clearance time was also rapid. Artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of acute uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in the study area showed 97.2% cure rate and only 2.8% failure rate. Conclusion. The result showed that the drug could continue as first line for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in the study area. The efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine needs to be carefully monitored periodically in sentinel sites representing different areas of the country.

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