scholarly journals Sero-epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Plateau State, Nigeria

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 860-869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nenfort Edward Gomwalk ◽  
Lohya Nimzing ◽  
John Danjuma Mawak ◽  
Nimzing G. Ladep ◽  
Stephen B. Dapiap ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Multiple Sexual Partners ◽  
Men 2 ◽  
History Of ◽  
Plateau State ◽  
Sex With Men

Introduction: Previous sentinel surveys of HIV in Nigeria studied pregnant women attending antenatal care, thereby omitting other important high-risk groups. We therefore investigated the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in low- and high-risk populations in the state of Plateau, Nigeria. Methodology: Blood samples were collected by venepuncture from 5,021 adults aged ≥15 years between August and October 2008. At least one major town and one rural community were selected in each Local Government Area (LGA). Samples were initially screened with a rapid HIV testing kit; reactive samples were further tested using Stat Pak.  Discordant samples were confirmed using Genie-II. Results: Of 5,021 subjects screened, 245 (4.88%) were seropositive. Local Government prevalence ranged from 0.68% in Bassa to 16.07% in Jos North. On average, LGAs in the Southern Senatorial Zone had higher rates. Most (over 80%) positive cases were younger than 40 years. Females had a significantly higher (6.85%) prevalence than males (2.72%). Age-specific prevalence was higher among females aged 25 to 29 years (2.09%). Risk factors identified  for acquisition of HIV infection were previous history of STDs (6, 16.28%); men having sex with men (2, 11.76%); having multiple sexual partners (97; 10.49%); intravenous drug use (10, 7.58%); sharing of sharp objects (20, 4.82%); and history of blood transfusion (21, 3.65%). Conclusion: The seemingly higher prevalence recorded in this survey could be attributed to the  inclusion of high- and low-risk groups in the general population, unlike previous reports which studied only antenatal care attendees. This survey provides useful baseline information for further studies.

scholarly journals Women in Danger of Femicide: Predicting Population at Risk of Femicide from Intimate Partner Violence Survivors in Turkey

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Alanur Çavlin
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Prevalence Data ◽  
History Of ◽  
Forms Of Violence

The highest threat for intimate partner femicide (IPF) is previous history of intimate partner violence (IPV). This study estimates magnitude of women with an increased IPF risk in Turkey based on prevalence data of different forms of violence among specific high-risk groups from the Research on Domestic Violence against Women in Turkey (2014) and 2014 population size. Correspondingly, around 2 million 15-59-aged-women are currently exposed to IPV. Some 1 million women face concurrent threats of physical, sexual, emotional violence. 170 thousand women are threatened/attacked with lethal objects. Among divorced/separated women, almost 123 thousand severe violence survivors confront high-risk of femicide.

scholarly journals Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 among High-Risk Groups: Findings from Serosurveys in 6 Urban Areas of Odisha, India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srikanta Kanungo ◽  
Sidhartha Giri ◽  
Debdutta Bhattacharya ◽  
Jaya Singh Kshatri ◽  
Subrata Kumar Palo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Suspected Case ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Police Personnel ◽  
History Of

Abstract Background: Personnel involved in essential services or residing in high risk areas during the COVID-19 pandemic are at increased risk of getting infected, and higher infection rates among such personnel can paralyze these services due to shortage of staff. Evaluating the proportion of personnel infected can be done using seroprevalence studies or serosurveys.Methods: During July to November, 2020, individuals from multiple high risk groups in 6 urban centres in the state of Odisha, India, which included health care workers, police personnel, municipality/ sanitation staff, residents of urban slums, vendors, press staff, and prisoners, were recruited into the study after obtaining written informed consent. Blood samples collected from the study participants were tested for IgG antibodies against COVID-19 in Roche Cobas e441. Information on socio-demographic variables, association with a confirmed or suspected case, symptoms profile of individuals within 30 days, travel and history of testing for COVID-19 were collected. All the statistical analyses were performed using STATA 16.0 (Stata corp., Texas). A P value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Of the 5434 individuals included in the final analysis, the overall COVID-19 seroprevalence was found to be 34.9% (95% CI 33.6-36.2). The seroprevalence varied from 21.8% (95% CI 19.6-24.1) in Rourkela to 54.9% (95% CI 51.5-58.2) in Bhubaneswar. Seropositivity was maximum among prisoners (47.7%, 138/289), followed by municipality/ sanitation staff (43.5%, 330/758), other office going staff (40.8%, 183/448), slum residents and vendors (39.8%, 252/633), police personnel (38.3%, 354/922), health care workers (27.1%, 536/1977), press staff (27.2%, 18/66) and residents of containment zones (25.2%, 86/341). On multivariate logistic regression, participants aged 18-29 years, 30-44 years, residents of slums and vending zone, municipality staffs, prisoners, residents of urban sites Malkangiri, Cuttack, Paralakhemundi and Bhubaneswar and those with previous history of confirmed COVID-19 were found to be independent co-relates of seropositivity.Conclusions: Risk of COVID-19 infection varied among the various high risk groups of Odisha. Periodic seroprevalence studies in future is essential to protect personnel involved in frontline activities during the ongoing pandemic.

scholarly journals Hanging: A Ten-Year Retrospective Review of Malaysian Forensic Cases

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Naziri SZ ◽  
Abu Bakar SN ◽  
Alias A ◽  
Ibrahim A ◽  
Mohamed Swarhib DMJ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Retrospective Review ◽  
Alcohol Intoxication ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
History Of ◽  
Year 2000 ◽  
Methods Of Suicide

Introduction: Hanging is one of the most common methods of suicide in Malaysia, and to date, there is a rise in the number of deaths by hanging among adults. The purpose of this study was to determine the pattern of hanging in Malaysia from the year 2000 till 2009. Methods: The sample comprised 108 cases received at the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, and five parameters, namely, age, sex, racial affiliation, marital status, and medical history were studied. Results: Of the 108 cases, 56% was reported to be Chinese. Suicide by hanging was more predominant in males (81%), and a high number of cases were seen in age groups of 21 to 30, 31 to 40 and 41 to 50 years. Of the cases studied, half of them were married, and previous history of physical and mental illness and alcohol intoxication were reported. Conclusions: In brief, this data would help the higher authorities in detecting the causes of suicide by hanging, as well as detecting the high risk groups with suicidal tendencies. In this way, suicide can be prevented and thus, the rate of suicide by hanging could be reduced in Malaysian.

Syphilis among men who have sex with men attending a large HIV clinic in Trinidad

2021 ◽  
pp. 095646242199719
Author(s):  
Robert Jeffrey Edwards ◽  
Isshad John ◽  
Selena Todd ◽  
Leon-Omari Lavia ◽  
David Musa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Chart Review ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Previous History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Review Study ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Age Range

A chart review study was conducted to determine the prevalence of syphilis and explore the associated risk factors among men who have sex with men (MSM) who attended a large HIV clinic in Trinidad during the period January–December 2019. Patients were routinely screened for syphilis annually, and demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were extracted from the medical records. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were performed, and factors significantly associated with a syphilis diagnosis were assessed using multivariate logistic regression. During the period, 218 MSM were seen, age range 19–67 years, and median age 34.0 years. The prevalence of syphilis was 41.3% (90/218), and 71.1% (64//90) of these infections were asymptomatic. Multivariate analysis using logistic regression showed that MSM living with HIV in the 30–34 years old-age group (OR, 4.32; 95% CI, 1.04–18.02), and those with a previous history of treated syphilis (OR, 10.18; 95% CI, 4.60–22.53) were more likely to be diagnosed with syphilis. The prevalence of syphilis is high among MSM attending the HIV clinic in Trinidad, and most of these infections were asymptomatic; hence, targeted and sustained interventions to reduce syphilis transmission are urgently required. Repeat episodes of syphilis may play a role in the transmission dynamics of syphilis in MSM.

Correlates of Medical Mistrust Among Minority Women at Risk for HIV and Their Networks

2021 ◽  
pp. 109019812098678
Author(s):  
Laura M. Johnson ◽  
Harold D. Green ◽  
Brandon Koch ◽  
Robert Harding ◽  
Jamila K. Stockman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Hiv Prevention ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Medical Mistrust ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Egocentric Network ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sex With Men

Background Medical mistrust is a barrier to engaging in HIV prevention and treatment, including testing and adherence to antiretroviral therapy. Research often focuses on how race and experiences of discrimination relate to medical mistrust, overlooking the role that other characteristics may play (e.g., history of physical abuse, diagnosis of mental illness). Furthermore, studies are often restricted to samples of men who have sex with men and findings may not generalize to other at-risk groups. Aims The current study explores a range of demographic, cognitive, behavioral, and social network correlates of medical mistrust. Method This study employed an egocentric network design among a racially diverse sample of at-risk women and women in their social networks ( n = 165). Results Results from multivariable linear regressions stratified by race (Black vs. others) indicate that medical mistrust is associated with both individual-level and network-level characteristics. Across both groups, age and experiences of racial discrimination were associated with higher medical mistrust. Having a regular sex partner and having a higher proportion of network members who are family was significantly associated with medical mistrust among non-Black women. Discussion Individual-level and network-level variables were significantly associated with medical mistrust. Therefore, interventions that attempt to mitigate medical mistrust as a barrier to HIV prevention and treatment should consider how mistrust may be related to characteristics of individuals and broader contexts. Conclusion Health interventions may benefit from conceiving of medical mistrust as a complex, rational response to cumulative discriminatory life experiences and a reflection of the networks within which individuals are embedded.

scholarly journals Patterns of antenatal care in low-versus high-risk pregnancies in Lebanon

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 268-276
Author(s):  
F. El Kak ◽  
M. Chaaya ◽  
O. Campbell ◽  
A. Kaddour
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Pregnancy Risk ◽  
High Risk Women ◽  
Special Diets ◽  
Number Of Visits ◽  
Antenatal Visits

Westudied patterns of antenatal care in low- versus high-risk pregnancies in Lebanon comparing 538 women after delivery in urban Beirut with rural Baka’a. Most women had 9 antenatal care visits with an obstetrician, starting in the first trimester. Care for high-risk and low-risk pregnancies was similar in terms of type of provider, number of visits and timing of first visit. More high-risk women had advice about special diets, supplements and laboratory tests. Maternal and fetal outcomes showed that, controlling for area and pregnancy risk, more antenatal visits were associated with fewer preterm deliveries, more caesarean sections and fewer cases of postpartum depression. Overall, differences between risk groups were small

scholarly journals Fear of Childbirth and Associated Factors Among Pregnant Mothers Who Attend Antenatal Care Service at Jinka Public Health Facilities, Jinka Town, Southern Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
pp. IJCBIRTH-D-20-00029
Author(s):  
Aynalem Yetwale ◽  
Eneyew Melkamu
Keyword(s):  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Health Center ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
Fear Of Childbirth ◽  
Childbirth Fear ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
History Of ◽  
Pregnant Mothers

BACKGROUNDWomen face many challenges from conception to postpartum, and fear of childbirth is one of the challenges the women encounter during pregnancy. This could have resulted from different perspectives and it could in turn lead to various pregnancy and childbirth problems. Thus, understanding childbirth fear and factors associated with this is of paramount importance and this study was aimed at addressing this issue.METHODOLOGYA facility-based cross-sectional study was done on 423 pregnant mothers who came for antenatal care services at Jinka hospital and Jinka health center. The study was conducted from June 1to 30, 2018. The sample size was calculated using the single population proportion formula and samples were taken after proportional allocation was done for the hospital and health center using the proportion allocation formula. Individual participants were selected with a systematic sampling technique using k-value of 2 for both the hospital and health center and the first participant was selected by the lottery method from the first two samples. Data were entered into epi-data version 3.1.1. and exported into statistical packages for social sciences version 21.0 for cleaning and further analysis. The level of significance was declared at a p value of less than 0.05 in multivariable logistic regression model. Narratives, figures, and tables were used to put the result.RESULTFrom 423 samples, two of the questionnaires were incomplete and thus 421 were used for analysis giving a response rate of 99.5%. Around a quarter of 102 (24.2%) mothers had fear of childbirth and the remaining 319 (75.8%) had no fear of childbirth. From the factors under consideration, history of previous pregnancy complications, previous history of labor and delivery complications, educational status, and depression status were significantly associated with a mother’s fear of childbirth.CONCLUSIONEven though it is physiological to have some fear of childbirth, the figure obtained is relatively higher. Factors found to have a significant effect on childbirth fear are those which could be tackled through improved health literacy and integrated maternal health services.

scholarly journals Foreign body stone in oesophagus: a unique case

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
B P Sah ◽  
S T Chettri ◽  
J N. Prasad ◽  
P P Gupta ◽  
S P Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Body ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Rare Case ◽  
Mentally Retarded ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
High Index ◽  
Common Occurrence ◽  
Unique Case ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Index Of Suspicion

Foreign body ingestion is a common occurrence in children and in specific high-risk  groups. It is usually diagnosed based on a history of ingestion given by the patient  or an observer. However, children and mentally retarded adults may be unable to  give an accurate history, and a high index of suspicion must be maintained in these  groups. We report a rare case of foreign body stone in an mentally retarded adult  which presented with drooling and impaired feeds, thence enabling for high index  for suspicion.  Health Renaissance 2014;12(2): pp: 140-142

scholarly journals Sexually transmitted infections and sexual behaviors of men who have sex with men in an American Deep South PrEP clinic

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronnie M Gravett ◽  
Andrew O Westfall ◽  
Edgar T Overton ◽  
Kachina Kudroff ◽  
Christina A Muzny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Sexual Behaviors ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sexual Partners ◽  
Deep South ◽  
Multiple Sexual Partners ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Sex With Men

HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) effectively prevents HIV acquisition among men who have sex with men (MSM), but PrEP uptake has been associated with sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The effect of PrEP on STIs in MSM in the Deep South of the United States is unknown. We performed a retrospective analysis of adult MSM at an American Deep South PrEP clinic to calculate the prevalence and incidence rate of bacterial STIs (chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis) and identify associated risk factors by linking incident STI to patient-reported outcomes; 139 MSM accessed the clinic between 2014 and 2018 with baseline bacterial STI prevalence of 11%. Twenty-six of 81 eligible MSM on PrEP had incident STIs with an incidence rate of 33.1 cases per 100 person-years. Significantly higher proportions of high PrEP adherence, multiple sexual partners, and inconsistent condom use were seen in those with incident STI, and we identified MSM with both high PrEP adherence and multiple sexual partners as being at especially high risk for bacterial STIs (hazard ratio: 7.57, 95% confidence interval: 1.75–32.74). Bacterial STIs are common after initiating PrEP in this clinic, and MSM reporting high PrEP adherence and multiple sexual partners have a significant risk for incident STI. High-risk sexual behaviors persisted after starting PrEP, highlighting the importance of ongoing, intensive sexual health screening and interventions.

scholarly journals 1630. Voluntary HIV Testing and Self-Realization of Risk of HIV Infection Among Young Men-Who-Have-Sex-with-Men in the Miami-Dade Area

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S595-S595
Author(s):  
Hampton Ocon ◽  
Samir Sabbag
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Hiv Risk ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Health Initiatives ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Public Health Initiatives

Abstract Background According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Miami-Dade County has the highest rate of new HIV diagnoses in the Nation. So far, a large focus of public health initiatives has been spreading awareness of HIV testing locations, but this form of voluntary testing relies on individuals realizing that they are at risk of HIV infection in the first place. Consequently, a major obstacle to encouraging young men-who-have-sex-with-men (YMSM) to test themselves for HIV is their own self-perceived risk of having an undetected infection. Methods In an effort to better understand the discordance between high-risk sexual behavior and HIV testing among this high-risk population, YMSM (18–24) were surveyed through smartphone applications that facilitate sexual encounters in the Miami-Dade area (eg Grindr, Scruff). Users were asked about their history of condomless anal intercourse (CAI), their HIV testing habits, and whether or not they believe it possible that they are currently infected with HIV. An analysis of the relationship between CAI and self-perception of possible HIV infection was performed using Cochran-Mantel–Haenszel testing. Results Of the 843 eligible responses, 667 reported a history of voluntary HIV testing while 176 had never voluntarily tested. 726 respondents reported a history of CAI and 131 of these have never voluntarily tested. Of the 843 total participants, 1.6% were in the highest HIV risk group, which is those who have engaged in CAI with an exchange/casual partner, have never voluntarily tested for HIV, and have no self-perceived risk of being currently infected. According to data analysis, YMSM who have engaged in CAI but have never been tested for HIV were not more likely to have a self-perceived possibility of infection when compared with those who have voluntarily tested (P < 0.595). Conclusion This suggests that many high-risk YMSM are not voluntarily testing themselves for HIV not because they do not have access to testing, but rather because they do not perceive themselves as being possibly infected in the first place. Therefore, in addition to increasing access to HIV testing, new public health initiatives must be designed to facilitate YMSM understanding their own personal HIV risk. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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