scholarly journals Prevalence of severe acute rotavirus gastroenteritis and intussusceptions in Ghanaian children under 5 years of age

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 148-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christabel C Enweronu-Laryea ◽  
Kwamena W.C. Sagoe ◽  
Hope Glover-Addy ◽  
Richard H Asmah ◽  
Julius A Mingle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Nucleotide Sequencing ◽  
Preventive Strategy ◽  
Rotavirus Gastroenteritis ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Seasonal Correlation ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: Vaccination is the most effective preventive strategy against rotavirus disease. Regional differences in prevalent rotavirus genotypes may affect vaccine efficacy. Pre-vaccine surveillance for burden of rotavirus disease, prevalent rotavirus genotypes, and association between rotavirus disease and intussusceptions helps in monitoring the impact of vaccination. Methodology: A prospective study was conducted from January 2008 to December 2009 in children younger than five years hospitalized for longer than 24 hours with acute gastroenteritis. Data on confirmed cases of intussusception were collected retrospectively. Stools were tested by enzyme immunoassay, reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and nucleotide sequencing.  Results: Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) caused 13.1% (2,147/16,348) of hospitalizations among children under five years. Stools were tested for 50.2% (1077/2147) of AGE cases. Of these, 49% (528/1077) were rotavirus positive. Rotavirus gastroenteritis, non-rotavirus gastroenteritis, and intussusceptions were most prevalent in children under 15 months [80.3%, 74% and 91% respectively]. Rotavirus was detected from more than 60% of acute gastroenteritis cases during peak months. The prevalence of intussusception showed no seasonal pattern. The peak ages of six to twelve months for acute gastroenteritis and five to eight months for intussusception overlapped. G1, G2 and mixed G/P genotypes were common in the isolated rotaviruses. Conclusion: Rotavirus gastroenteritis causes significant morbidity in children younger than five years of age in Ghana. Although the peak age of rotavirus gastroenteritis and intussusceptions overlapped, there was no seasonal correlation between them. The high prevalence of mixed G/P genotypes in Ghanaian children may affect the effectiveness of vaccination.

scholarly journals HBV seroepidemiology data for Africa provides insights into transmission and prevention

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna L McNaughton ◽  
José Lourenço ◽  
Phillip Armand Bester ◽  
Jolynne Mokaya ◽  
Sheila F Lumley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Preventive Strategy ◽  
Test And Treat ◽  
Hbv Vaccination ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTInternational goals for elimination of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection set ambitious targets for 2030. In many African populations, HBV prevalence remains high (≥8%) despite the roll-out of infant HBV immunisation from the mid-1990’s onwards. Enhanced efforts are now urgently required to improve an understanding of population epidemiology, in order to determine which interventions are most likely to be effective in advancing populations towards elimination goals. In populations with a high prevalence of infection, catch-up HBV vaccination of adults has sometimes been deployed as a preventive strategy. An alternative approach of ‘test and treat’ could be applied as a tool to interrupt transmission. We used a systematic approach to investigate the relationship between prevalence of HBV infection (HBsAg) and exposure (anti-HBc) in Africa, and then applied a mathematical model to investigate the impact of catch-up vaccination and a ‘test and treat’ strategy in Uganda, representing a high prevalence setting. We demonstrate a strong relationship between the prevalence of HBsAg and anti-HBc (p<0.0001), but with region-specific differences that may reflect different patterns of transmission. In high prevalence settings, catch-up vaccination may have a transient effect but this intervention does not contribute to a sustained decline in prevalence. In contrast, diagnosing and treating infection has a marked impact on reducing prevalence, equivalent to that of infant immunisation. Conclusion: We have developed a high-resolution picture of HBV epidemiology across Africa. Developing insights into regional differences provides an evidence base for the most effective interventions. In combination with robust neonatal immunisation programmes, testing and treating infection is likely to be of most impact in making advances towards elimination targets.

scholarly journals Enterovirus infections in pediatric patients hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in Chiang Mai, Thailand, 2015–2018

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9645
Author(s):  
Kitsakorn Rojjanadumrongkul ◽  
Kattareeya Kumthip ◽  
Pattara Khamrin ◽  
Nuthapong Ukarapol ◽  
Hiroshi Ushijima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Nucleotide Sequencing ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Chiang Mai ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Genotype Diversity ◽  
The Common ◽  
Viral Protein 1 ◽  
Children Under 5

Background Infection with viruses especially rotavirus, norovirus, astrovirus, and adenovirus has been known to be a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in children under 5 years of age globally, particularly in developing countries. Also, some genotypes of enteroviruses (EVs) have been reported to be associated with gastroenteritis. This study is aimed to investigate the prevalence and genotype diversity of EV in children admitted to hospitals with acute gastroenteritis. Methods A total of 1,736 fecal specimens were collected from children hospitalized with diarrhea in Chiang Mai, Thailand from 2015 to 2018. All specimens were tested for the presence of EV by RT-PCR of the 5′ untranslated region. The genotypes of EV were further identified by nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the viral protein 1 (VP1) gene. Results EV was detected in 154 out of 1,736 specimens (8.9%) throughout the study period. The prevalence of EV detected in 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2018 was 7.2%, 9.0%, 11.2%, and 8.6%, respectively. EV was detected all year round with a high prevalence during rainy season in Thailand. Overall, 37 genotypes of EV were identified in this study. Among these, coxsackievirus (CV)-A24 and CV-B5 (7.5% each), and EV-C96 (6.8%) were the common genotypes detected. Conclusion This study demonstrates the prevalence, seasonal distribution, and genotype diversity of EV circulating in children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in Chiang Mai, Thailand during the period 2015 to 2018.

scholarly journals Burden and Trends of Severe Rotavirus Infections and Allcause Acute Gastroenteritis Hospital Episodes in Children Under Five Years Old in Mainland Portugal

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (10) ◽  
pp. 669
Author(s):  
Héloïse Lucaccioni ◽  
Rita Sá Machado
Keyword(s):  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccine ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Mainland Portugal ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rotavirus Infections

Introduction: Rotavirus infections are a leading cause of severe acute gastroenteritis in children under five years old. In December 2019, Portugal announced the inclusion of the rotavirus vaccine, already available for private purchase, in the National Immunization Program. We present the first nationwide analysis of the burden and trends of rotavirus and acute gastroenteritis hospital episodes in children under five years old in mainland Portugal (2014 - 2017).Material and Methods: We used the hospital morbidity database and the Death Certificate Information System to identify hospital episodes and deaths of rotavirus and acute gastroenteritis based on the codes of the International Classification of Diseases. We described the number and rates of hospital episodes disaggregated by age group, sex, geographical units, and the seasonality and trends over the study period.Results: On average, during the study period, there were 1985 annual hospital episodes among children under five years old. The annual rate was 48.0/10 000 children (95% CI 46.9 - 49.0). Rates were consistently higher in younger children, and 67.8% episodes occurred in children under 24 months. We found a seasonal pattern with a major peak in the early spring.Discussion: Our results were consistent with the current knowledge on rotavirus and acute gastroenteritis hospital episodes in Europe. Additional studies are needed to identify the risk factors and high-risk groups for hospital attendance.Conclusion: Rotavirus and acute gastroenteritis hospital episodes in children under five years old in mainland Portugal represent an important health and economic burden. In the future, monitoring this burden and these trends in relation with rotavirus vaccine coverage could be useful in order to assess the impact of the vaccination programme on the change in hospital episodes.

Comparing the Impact of Religious Discourse on HIV/AIDS in Islam and Christianity in Africa

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sloane Speakman
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Religious Discourse ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
The Social ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Islam And Christianity ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Impact

In examining the strikingly high prevalence rates of HIV in many parts of Africa, reaching as high as 5% in some areas, how does the discourse promoted by the predominant religions across the continent, Islam and Christianity, affect the outlook of their followers on the epidemic? This question becomes even more intriguing after discovering the dramatic difference in rate of HIV prevalence between Muslims and Christians in Africa, confirmed by studies that have found a negative relationship to exist between HIV prevalence and being Muslim in Africa, even in Sub-Saharan African nations. Why does this gap in prevalence rates exist? Does Islam advocate participating in less risky behavior more so than Christianity? By comparing the social construction, epidemiological understanding and public responses among Muslim populations in Africa with Christian ones, it becomes apparent that many similarities exist between the two regarding discourse and that, rather than religious discourse itself, other social factors, such as circumcision practices, contribute more to the disparity in HIV prevalence than originally thought.

scholarly journals Treatment of HIV-associated facial lipoatrophy: impact on infection progression assessed by viral load and CD4 count

2013 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 570-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flávia Machado Gonçalves Soares ◽  
Izelda Maria Carvalho Costa
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Undetectable Viral Load ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Cd4 Count ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Facial Lipoatrophy ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
The Impact

BACKGROUND: HIV/AIDS-Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome includes changes in body fat distribution, with or without metabolic changes. The loss of fat from the face, called facial lipoatrophy, is one of the most stigmatizing signs of the syndrome.OBJECTIVES:To evaluate the effect of FL treatment using polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) implants on disease progression, assessed by viral load and CD4 cell count.METHODS: This was a prospective study of 44 patients treated from July 2009 to December 2010. Male and female patients, aged over 18 years, with clinically detectable FL and who had never been treated were included in the study. PMMA implantation was done to fill atrophic areas. Laboratory tests were conducted to measure viral load and CD4 count before and after treatment.RESULTS: Of the 44 patients, 72.72% were male and 27.27% female, mean age of 44.38 years. Before treatment, 82% of patients had undetectable viral load, which increased to 88.6% after treatment, but without statistical significance (p = 0.67). CD4 count before treatment ranged from 209 to 1293, averaging 493.97. After treatment, the average increased to 548.61. The increase in CD4 count after treatment was statistically significant with p = 0.02.CONCLUSION: The treatment of FL with PMMA implants showed a statistically significant increase in CD4 count after treatment, revealing the impact of FL treatment on disease progression. Viral load before and after treatment did not vary significantly.

Abstract No. 294: Optimizing IVC filter utilization: a prospective study of the impact of IR consultation

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. S119
Author(s):  
R.K. Ryu ◽  
R.J. Lewandowski ◽  
A.C. Eifler ◽  
R. Salem ◽  
R.A. Omary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Study ◽  
Ivc Filter ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
The Impact
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