scholarly journals Environmental and social effects on the incidence of tuberculosis in three Brazilian municipalities and in Federal District

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (08) ◽  
pp. 1139-1146
Author(s):  
Fernanda Monteiro de Castro Fernandes ◽  
Antônio Felipe Couto Junior ◽  
Jose Ueleres Braga ◽  
Silvano Oliveira ◽  
Maria Do Socorro Nantua Evangelista
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Social Characteristics ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Disease Notification ◽  
Notification System ◽  
Basic Sanitation ◽  
Socioeconomic Data ◽  
Different Levels

Introduction: The territorial characteristics, heterogeneities of landscapes, and the regional profiles of Brazil show great disparities in the spatial distribution of tuberculosis burden. Objective of this study is to analyze the effects of environmental and social factors on tuberculosis incidence in three Brazilian municipalities and in the Federal District of Brazil. Methodology: We performed an ecological study carried out with 131,576 new cases of tuberculosis registered in the Brazilian national disease notification system. For our research we used climatic data, topographic data and socioeconomic data. Results: Wind speed and vapor pressure increased the risk of tuberculosis infection between 4.6 and 5.8 times in the 3 municipalities, in comparison with the Federal District. In Recife socioeconomic aspects showed a greater association with tuberculosis. Lack of garbage collection, poor basic sanitation, and access to drinking water, respectively, increased 49, 33, and 28 times the risk of infection. In the multiple regression analysis, Rio de Janeiro showed several environmental characteristics – such as precipitation (p = 0.002), radiation (p = 0.020) and water vapor (p = 0.055) – and social characteristics associated with tuberculosis – such as the lack of sewage treatment, which revealed a 13.5-fold higher risk of infection (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Incidence in the areas studied was influenced by environmental and social conditions at different levels depending on the territory where the problem was identified. The results make it possible to guide an urban and social policy to reach the targets set out in the WHO End tuberculosis Strategy in large Brazilian urban agglomerations.

scholarly journals Basic Sanitation and Health - Challenges and Perspectives in Brazil and Brazilian Federal District

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 420-436
Author(s):  
Fernando Saab ◽  
Cristina Abreu
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
Universal Access ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Federal District ◽  
National Average ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Water Service ◽  
Basic Sanitation

Basic sanitation has been considered an important environmental determinant of health. Mainly related to the services of drinking water availability, solid waste management, sanitation problems are aggravated by the unplanned growth of urban centers, affecting an important part of the total disease burden in the world. The Sanitation Ranking prepared by the Trata Brazil Institute (2020) was used as the basis for the studies presented here taking into account the data from the SNIS (National Sanitation Information System – Ministry of Regional Development, Brazil), which were consulted for the 100 largest Brazilian municipalities, in terms of inhabitants, in the year 2018. 27 out of the 100 largest municipalities in Brazil have 100% total water service, that is, they have universal water service. Only one municipality has 100% sewage collection (Piracicaba –SP). 14 municipalities have a sewage collection rate greater than or equal to 98%. The average indicator of sewage treatment in the municipalities is 56.07%, that is very worrying. According to SNIS 2018, the national average for the treatment of generated sewage is 46.3%; that is, the average of the 100 largest municipalities in the study is higher than the national average. However, in both cases, the indicator is at a very low level, pointing to an area whose challenges to be overcome are great. The Brazilian capital’ city (Brasilia, Federal District of Brazil) in the sanitation is ranked 27th among Brazilian capitals based on data from the National Sanitation Information System (2018). The new Basic Sanitation Legal Framework, signed on July 15, 2020 has as its main objective to universalize and qualify the provision of services in the sector. The Federal Government’s goal is to achieve universal access by 2033, ensuring that 99% of the Brazilian population has access to drinking water and 90% to sewage collection and treatment. The expectation is that the universalization of water and sewage services will reduce annual health costs by up to 290 million USD.

Effect of COVID-19 on vaccination coverage in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelle Moura Silveira ◽  
Neida Lucia Conrad ◽  
Fábio Pereira Leivas Leite
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Physical Distance ◽  
Disease Notification ◽  
Notification System ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Antigen Vaccine ◽  
Restricted Mobility ◽  
Consistent Information ◽  
The Impact

During the COVID-19 pandemic, recommendations for maintaining physical distance, restricted mobility measures, as well as fear of mass transmission by going to health centers have significantly contributed to the general vaccination coverage, which by and large is decreasing worldwide; thus, favoring the potential re-emergence of vaccine-preventable diseases. In this study, we have used the existing data on vaccination coverage during the pre-pandemic (2019) as well as the pandemic (2020) period to evaluate the impact of coronavirus outbreaks during the vaccination drive in Brazil. Furthermore, we have accumulated data since 2015 among the different regions of the country to acquire more consistent information. The various vaccines analyzed in our study were meningococcal C conjugate, Triple antigen vaccine, 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate, and BCG; subsequently, the data were obtained from the National Disease Notification System. This study revealed that the ongoing immunization drive saw a steep decline of around 10 to 20% during the (2019–2020) pandemic period in Brazil. These results provide strong evidence towards the decreasing trends following the vaccination programs during the COVID-19 pandemic period in Brazil. Furthermore, our results also highlight the importance of adopting widespread multi-component interventions to improve vaccination uptake rates.

scholarly journals Tuberculosis in prison and aspects associated with the diagnosis site

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 968-977
Author(s):  
Melisane RL Ferreira ◽  
Rafaele O Bonfim ◽  
Tatiane C Siqueira ◽  
Rubia L de P Andrade ◽  
Aline A Monroe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Services ◽  
Residue Analysis ◽  
Sputum Smear ◽  
Fisher Exact Test ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Disease Notification ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Notification System ◽  
X Ray

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is highly endemic in prison environments, and requires special attention in the population deprived of liberty (PDL). Thus, we aimed to describe the epidemiological situation of TB among PDL in a large municipality of the Brazilian Legal Amazon, from 2012 to 2016, and to identify the factors associated with the site of TB cases notification. Methodology: Both descriptive and cross-sectional studies were conducted. Sociodemographic, clinical, diagnostic and treatment data of PDL with TB were collected from the National Disease Notification System - SINAN. Data analysis included frequency distribution, Chi-square test, Fisher exact test and residue analysis, with a significance level of 95%. Results: 256 cases of TB have been notified among PDL in the penitentiary complex situated in the municipality and 100 cases in local health services, such as Primary Health Care units or referral services. Notification in the penitentiary complex was associated with non-X-ray and more than ten contacts identified. An association was found between diagnosis in local health services and female sex, AIDS, alcoholism, illicit drug use, extrapulmonary clinical form, extrapulmonary pulmonary disease, suspected X-ray, sputum smear-negative for diagnosis, HIV positive, culture of sputum not performed/ in progress, DOT ignored/ blank, less than five contacts identified, transfer and others as closure situation. Conclusions: The results show that intricate TB cases were notified by the local health services. Strategies of surveillance and articulation with these health services seem to contribute to the identification of TB cases among PDL.

Intimate partner violence against pregnant women: sociodemographic profile and characteristics of the aggressions

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naiane Beatriz da Silva ◽  
Rosely Erlach Goldman ◽  
Hugo Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Disease Notification ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Notification System ◽  
Sociodemographic Profile

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the sociodemographic profile and the main characteristics of violence by intimate partners in pregnant women in São Paulo, Brazil. Method: Cross-sectional study based on notifications for suspected or confirmed cases of inter-police violence from the National Disease Notification System (SINAN) carried out in the 2016-2019 period. Collection was performed between March and June 2020. Chi-squared test or Fisher’s Exact test were used in statistical analysis. Results: A total of 4,269 notifications were obtained and the prevalent profile was women between 20 and 34 years old (62.5%), brown or black (51.3%), who have completed high school (22.5%) in the first trimester of pregnancy (44.2%). Physical violence was more frequent (48.3%), occurred at home (59.1%), motivated by sexism (22.29%). Sexual violence or rape was more frequent (85.4%) with abortion in cases provided for by law (39%). Conclusion: Adult brown or black women in the first gestational trimester experienced physical violence more frequently.

scholarly journals The synergistic effect of sewage sludge biochar and Trichoderma harzianum on soybean yield

2019 ◽  
pp. 1183-1187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyson Silva de Araujo ◽  
Luiz Eduardo Bassay Blum ◽  
Cícero Célio de Figueiredo
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Final Destination

The use of sewage sludge to produce biochar is one of the best alternatives for the final destination of this material, allowing for reuse of nutrients and reducing the dependence on mineral fertilizers. Sewage sludge biochar (SSB) stands out as an enhancer of the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil. The use of beneficial microorganisms such as Trichoderma spp. in combination with biochar may have a synergistic effect on the development of different plants and needs to be better studied. The SSB was produced from sewage sludge biomass (SS) obtained from the sewage treatment plant (STP) of the Federal District Environmental Sanitation Company (CAESB), Brasilia, DF, Brazil. The SSB was produced in an electric tubular furnace at 500 °C and showed the following characteristics: carbon (19%), nitrogen (2.3%), hydrogen (1.7%), specific surface area (52.5 m2 g-1), pore volume (0.053 ml g-1). An experiment was carried out in a greenhouse to evaluate the synergistic effect of SSB application (0.5% w/w) in combination with T. harzianum (TH) on soybean development. The treatments adopted were: (1) control – autoclaved soil, (2) TH, (3) SSB and (4) SSB + TH. The SSB was applied 15 days before soybean planting and the TH was applied to the soil two times, once at eight days before planting and the other at the time of planting. The SSB resulted in a 200% increase in the number of pods when compared to the exclusive application of T. harzianum. Application of SSB with T. harzianum increased germination by 20%, as well as a 70% increase in fresh and dry soybean mass in relation to the control. The agronomic indices evaluated in this study demonstrated that the use of SSB in conjunction with T. harzianum presents a synergistic effect, allowing for better development of the soybean plants.

scholarly journals Urban Social Waste and Urban Solid Waste in Brazil: Problems, Consequences and Possible Solutions

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Valderi Duarte Leite
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Federal States ◽  
Transportation Security ◽  
Basic Sanitation ◽  
Urban Solid Waste ◽  
Employment Education ◽  
Unequal Income Distribution

Brazil is a country of continental dimensions, with a surface area of 8,510,296km2 , which is distributed among 26 federal states and a federal district. However, due to an extremely unequal income distribution, one of the major social problems that the country still faces is urban segregation, experienced by a large part of its almost 212 million inhabitants, who still find severe problems with housing, public transportation, security, health, employment, education and infrastructure, especially with regard tothe process of collecting and the treatment of waste generated. In the case of solid urban waste (SUW), approximately 190,000tons are produced daily, which implies a per capita production rate of 0.90kg(inhab.day)-1. Of the total generated, a fraction greater than 90% (w/w) is collected and, of this fraction, a percentage of 25% is still disposed of in open dumps, generating environmental impacts of different magnitudes. In addition, of the quantity of SUW generated in Brazil, about 55% (w/w) corresponds to putrescible organic matter, which could be fully used as an alternative source of energy (methane gas, for example), which normally does not occur. In these terms, Brazil becomes a country with strong social, economic and public health problems, and with regard to basic sanitation, there are still great demands, especially when considering the collection and treatment of the various types of waste generated.

scholarly journals Um Estudo Comparado: Indicadores de Sustentabilidade, Análise do Perfil Socioeconômico de Dourados MS 2012-2013

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (41) ◽  
pp. 59-65
Author(s):  
Daniel Massen Frainer ◽  
Marcos Roberto Costa ◽  
Wesley Osvaldo Pradella Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Socioeconomic Indicators ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Reflective Process ◽  
Specific Objective ◽  
Basic Sanitation ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Data Collection Technique

ResumoO processo de sustentabilidade é visto neste artigo por meio dos indicadores socioeconômicos realizados no munícipio de Dourados MS, nos anos de 2012 versus os indicadores do ano de 2013. O perfil socioeconômico realizado no munícipio de Dourados MS visou a elaboração deste artigo, com o intuito de levantar a principal correlação do processo evolutivo de sustentabilidade (saneamento básico, renda per capita e IDH) ocorrida entre 2012 e 2013. O objetivo geral deste artigo é de comparar os indicadores de sustentabilidade no município de Dourados MS, nos anos de 2012 versus 2013. Como objetivo específico haviam sido analisados os indicadores de saneamento básico, no município de Dourados MS, mais precisamente a extensão de esgoto implantado e renda per capita evolutiva no município. Este artigo se utilizou de uma metodologia comparativa e descritiva, através de métodos exploratórios. As técnicas de coleta de dados envolveram o uso de dados primários, com a análise dos indicadores construídos nos anos de 2012 e 2013. Em suas considerações finais se obteve um resultado evolutivo aos índices comparativos de renda per capita versus tratamento de água e esgoto e o processo reflexivo nos ganhos de qualidade de vida, com relação ao Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH). Palavras-chave: Econômico. Indicadores. Renda. Saneamento. AbstractThe sustainability process is seen in this article through the socioeconomic indicators carried out in the Municipality of Dourados MS, in the years of 2012 versus the 2013 year indicators. The socio-economic profile carried out in the Municipality of Dourados MS, aimed at the elaboration of this article in order to raise the main correlation of the sustainability evolutive process (basic sanitation, per capita income and HDI) that occurred between 2012 and 2013. The general objective of this article is to compare sustainability indicators in the municipality of Dourados MS in the years of 2012 versus 2013. In its specific objective, the indicators of basic sanitation in the municipality of Dourados MS were analyzed, more precisely, extension of implanted sewage and per capita evolutionary income in the municipality. This article used a comparative and descriptive methodology, through exploratory methods. Their data collection technique prevailed through primary data, with the analysis of indicators constructed in the years of 2012 and 2013. In their final considerations, an evolutionary result was obtained for the comparative indices of per capita income versus water and sewage treatment and the reflective process in the quality of life gains, in relation to the Human Development Index (HDI). Keywords: Economic. Indicators. Income. Sanitation.

scholarly journals COVID-19 in socially vulnerable quilombola populations in Salvaterra, Pará, Eastern Amazon, Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (08) ◽  
pp. 1066-1073
Author(s):  
Nelson Veiga Gonçalves ◽  
João Simão De Melo Neto ◽  
Selma Kazumi da Trindade Noguchi ◽  
Andrey Silva Machado ◽  
Alcindo Da Silva Martins Junior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Epidemiological Survey ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
National Registry ◽  
Disease Notification ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Notification System ◽  
Family Farmers ◽  
Use Of Data ◽  
Epidemiological Profile

Introduction: COVID-19 is a severe respiratory syndrome caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. In Brazil the highest infection rates are associated with socially vulnerable populations. This study therefore sought to analyze the spatial distribution of the disease and its relation with geographic, socioeconomic and public health policy characteristics associated with quilombola communities in Salvaterra municipality, state of Pará, for the period of March to September, 2020. Methodology: This cross-sectional and ecological study used data from the Disease Notification System and the National Registry of Health Establishments of the Ministry of Health, the Income Transfer Registry of the Ministry of Citizenship and the 2010 census of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Statistical and spatial analysis of the data was done through percentages of cases and Flow and Kernel map techniques. Results: Seventy-five notified cases of COVID-19 distributed among 7 quilombola communities in the municipality were analyzed. The epidemiological profile followed a national trend, with a higher percentage of cases among persons who were female, adults with low schooling levels, working as family farmers and with an outcome ending in recovery. The spatial distribution of the disease was not homogenous and showed clusters of cases and high incidence rates, especially in communities close to the municipal seat or to highways. Conclusions: The use of data analysis techniques was satisfactory for providing an understanding of the socioeconomic production of the disease in the areas studied. Accordingly, the need for intensifying epidemiological survey actions in the quilombola communities of the municipality is emphasized.

scholarly journals New communicable disease notification system launched in Turkey

2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (16) ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Bayazit ◽  
V Buyurgan ◽  
S Tumay
Keyword(s):  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Disease Notification ◽  
Notification System

At the beginning of 2005, a new and completely revised communicable disease notification was launched nationwide in Turkey

Economic analysis of the use of land resources in the agricultural sector of the Krasnodar Territory, taking into account the natural potential

2021 ◽  
pp. 145-153
Author(s):  
Б.А. Хахук ◽  
Н.А. Дьякова ◽  
А.А. Кушу
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Land Resources ◽  
Climatic Zones ◽  
Legal Forms ◽  
Different Levels

В статье представлен анализ земельного фонда территории Краснодарского края, его распределение по категориям земель и угодьям за 2011-2020 гг.; рассмотрены основные землепользователи и характерные для региона основные организационно-правовые формы. Приведена характеристика и оценка природно-климатических (природно-сельскохозяйственных) зон края. Представлен анализ наиболее выращиваемых культур в аграрной сфере Южного федерального округа и региона: зерновых и зернобобовых, подсолнечника и сахарной свеклы, а также их вклад в аграрную экономику и производство сельскохозяйственной продукции страны. Отдельно рассмотрены высокоинтенсивные и редкие культуры, выращиваемые в регионе, возделывание которых в различных природно-климатических зонах Краснодарского края находится на разных уровнях экономической эффективности. The article presents an analysis of the land fund of the territory of the Krasnodar Territory, its distribution by land categories and land for 2011-2020; the main land users and the main organizational and legal forms characteristic of the region are considered. The characteristic and assessment of the natural-climatic (natural-agricultural) zones of the region is given. The article presents an analysis of the most cultivated crops in the agricultural sector of the Southern Federal District and the region: cereals and legumes, sunflower and sugar beet, as well as their contribution to the agricultural economy and agricultural production of the country. The high-intensity and rare crops grown in the region, the cultivation of which in different natural and climatic zones of the Krasnodar Territory is at different levels of economic efficiency, are considered separately.

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