scholarly journals Acinetobacter spp in a Third World Country with Socio-economic and Immigrants Challenges

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 948-955
Author(s):  
Iman Dandachi ◽  
Eid Azar ◽  
Ramzi Hamouch ◽  
Peter Maliha ◽  
Samah Abdallah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Infection ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Acinetobacter Species ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Third World Country ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Potential Pathogen ◽  
Acinetobacter Spp ◽  
The One

Introduction: In the last decade, Acinetobacter species have taken a major public health concern. This is mainly due the increased resistance to a wide range of antibiotics causing treatment challenges. In view of the constant population mobilization and the economic crisis that Lebanon is currently facing, it becomes a necessity to re-evaluate the real threat of Acinetobacter spp and its implication in the one health. Methodology: This review was conducted through the analysis of 45 research papers and reports pertaining to Acinetobacter spp performed in Lebanon. More than 82% of the papers consulted were published in international journals and more than 70 percent of them had received impact factor. Results: An in depth description of the involvement of this organism in human infection and its role as potential pathogen or simple colonizer was performed. In addition, the different aspects of resistance, mostly to carbapenems and colistin was studied and summarized. While in animals and environment, susceptible strains were mostly isolated, OXA-23/OXA-24 were predominant in humans. Recently, NDM-1 producing Acinetobacter spp was detected in a Syrian refugee which then was reported in Lebanese patients. The bacterial identification procedures are non-systematic and not always reliable in the Lebanese studies presenting sometimes discrepancies an inconsistency. Conclusion: Acinetobacter is commonly isolated Lebanon. In view of the spread of resistance among these isolated and their dissemination, Infection control measures attempting to control the spread of this genus in and outside hospitals are lacking and thus require more attention and stewardship activities.

scholarly journals Infection control measures in times of antimicrobial resistance: a matter of solidarity

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (S1) ◽  
pp. 47-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Babette Rump ◽  
Aura Timen ◽  
Marlies Hulscher ◽  
Marcel Verweij
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Additional Benefit ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Individual Autonomy ◽  
Compensation Policy ◽  
Public Interests ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Baseline Levels ◽  
The One

AbstractControl measures directed at carriers of multidrug-resistant organisms are traditionally approached as a trade-off between public interests on the one hand and individual autonomy on the other. We propose to reframe the ethical issue and consider control measures directed at carriers an issue of solidarity. Rather than asking “whether it is justified to impose strict measures”, we propose asking “how to best care for a person’s carriership and well-being in ways that do not imply an unacceptable risk for others?”. A solidarity approach could include elevating baseline levels of precaution measures and accepting certain risks in cases where there is exceptionally much at stake. A generous national compensation policy that also covers for costs related to dedicated care is essential in a solidarity approach. An additional benefit of reframing the questions is that it helps to better acknowledge that being subjected to control measures is a highly personal matter.

scholarly journals Molecular characterization of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter species in an Irish university hospital: predominance of Acinetobacter genomic species 3

2009 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. W. Boo ◽  
F. Walsh ◽  
B. Crowley
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Pathology Laboratory ◽  
Acinetobacter Species ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Genomic Species ◽  
Central Pathology

A 30 month prospective study of Acinetobacter species encountered in the Central Pathology Laboratory of St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland, was conducted to investigate the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of carbapenem resistance in such isolates. Acinetobacter genomic species 3 (AG3) was found to be the predominant Acinetobacter species (45/114, 39 %) in our institution. A total of 11 % of all Acinetobacter species (12/114) and 22 % of AG3 isolates (10/45) were carbapenem resistant. Carbapenem resistance was mediated by Ambler class D β-lactamase OXA-23 in all 12 isolates, with insertion sequence ISAba1 found upstream of bla OXA-23. ISAba1 was also found upstream of bla ADC-25, which encodes the enzyme AmpC, in an Acinetobacter baumannii isolate, and upstream of the aminoglycoside-acetyltransferase-encoding gene aacC2 in three AG3 isolates. Inter-species plasmidic transfer was most likely involved in the emergence and spread of bla OXA-23 among the Acinetobacter isolates within our institution. The emergence of carbapenem resistance was associated not only with prior carbapenem use but also with the use of other antimicrobial agents, most notably β-lactam/β-lactamase-inhibitor combinations. The study demonstrated the emerging trend of carbapenem resistance in the wider context of the Acinetobacter genus, and reiterated the paramount importance of the prudent use of antimicrobial agents, stringent infection control measures and resistance surveillance of pathogens.

scholarly journals Estimating the Young Generation’s Willingness to Pay (WTP) for PM2.5 Control in Daegu, Korea, and Beijing, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (20) ◽  
pp. 5704
Author(s):  
Ning ◽  
Lee
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Air Quality Improvement ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The One ◽  
Beijing China

This research aimed to examine the willingness to pay (WTP) of the young generation (the age group from 18 to 29) for the participatory solutions and actions on fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution control and abatement in Daegu, Korea, and Beijing, China. This study found out that Korean respondents and Chinese respondents shared a wide range of similarities, both in terms of socio-demographic characters like age, family size, and house/apartment ownership, as well as a number of perceptions related to environmental and social responsibilities. Around one-third of the Korean respondents and one-fifth of the Chinese respondents expressed negative WTP due to primary reasons such as lack of trust in the effectiveness of PM2.5 control measures (Korea) and limitation of budget (China). The mean estimated values of WTP with and without explanatory variables in Korea were merely slightly higher than those in China. The mean WTP without control variables in Korea was 11,882.97 KRW/month (10.61 USD/month) and the one in China was 65.09 CNY/month (9.48 USD/month). The mean WTP with explanatory variables for Daegu, Korea, was KRW 11,982.33 (USD 10.70) per person per month, and the one for Beijing, China, was CNY 64.84 (USD 9.40) per person per month. The annual total WTP for Daegu, Korea, was assessed around KRW 47572 million (USD 42.45 million), whereas the estimated total WTP for Beijing, China, was around CNY 3260.14 million (USD 474.94 million) per year. Based on the results and the findings, this study proposes to further strengthen the comprehensive cooperation between China and Korea in the field of air quality improvement, with a particular focus on PM2.5 control and abatement and cooperation in academic circles and among the general public.

scholarly journals Genomic Analysis and Comparison of Two Gonorrhea Outbreaks

mBio ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xavier Didelot ◽  
Janina Dordel ◽  
Lilith K. Whittles ◽  
Caitlin Collins ◽  
Nicole Bilek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Genome Sequencing ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Single Type ◽  
Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Most Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
Wide Range

ABSTRACT Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease causing growing concern, with a substantial increase in reported incidence over the past few years in the United Kingdom and rising levels of resistance to a wide range of antibiotics. Understanding its epidemiology is therefore of major biomedical importance, not only on a population scale but also at the level of direct transmission. However, the molecular typing techniques traditionally used for gonorrhea infections do not provide sufficient resolution to investigate such fine-scale patterns. Here we sequenced the genomes of 237 isolates from two local collections of isolates from Sheffield and London, each of which was resolved into a single type using traditional methods. The two data sets were selected to have different epidemiological properties: the Sheffield data were collected over 6 years from a predominantly heterosexual population, whereas the London data were gathered within half a year and strongly associated with men who have sex with men. Based on contact tracing information between individuals in Sheffield, we found that transmission is associated with a median time to most recent common ancestor of 3.4 months, with an upper bound of 8 months, which we used as a criterion to identify likely transmission links in both data sets. In London, we found that transmission happened predominantly between individuals of similar age, sexual orientation, and location and also with the same HIV serostatus, which may reflect serosorting and associated risk behaviors. Comparison of the two data sets suggests that the London epidemic involved about ten times more cases than the Sheffield outbreak. IMPORTANCE The recent increases in gonorrhea incidence and antibiotic resistance are cause for public health concern. Successful intervention requires a better understanding of transmission patterns, which is not uncovered by traditional molecular epidemiology techniques. Here we studied two outbreaks that took place in Sheffield and London, United Kingdom. We show that whole-genome sequencing provides the resolution to investigate direct gonorrhea transmission between infected individuals. Combining genome sequencing with rich epidemiological information about infected individuals reveals the importance of several transmission routes and risk factors, which can be used to design better control measures.

scholarly journals HAEMODIALYSIS;

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 1610-1614
Author(s):  
Aurangzeb Afzal ◽  
Sania Ashraf ◽  
Abubakar Raheel ◽  
Fateh Sher Chattah ◽  
Faiqa Zafar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
General Hospital ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Maintenance Hemodialysis ◽  
P Value ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Set Up

Background: Hepatitis C is an important health issue in chronic kidney diseasepatients especially those on regular hemodialysis. The cause of this high prevalence remainsmulti-factorial. Despite of various infection control measures adopted worldwide, hepatitis chigh seroconversion rates among dialysis patients remain a major health concern. Objectives:The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of seroconversion of hepatitis C inpatients on maintenance hemodialysis in our set-up and also to find the various risk factorsattributing to it. Study Design: Retrospective study. Place and duration of study: Hemodialysisunit of LAHORE GENERAL HOSPITAL since August, 2016. Methods: Forty seven patients onroutine hemodialysis who were initially sero negative for hepatitis C at the time of registrationin Lahore general hospital dialysis centre and frequency of seroconversion to positive for antiHCV was calculated using SPSS 20. The various variables were analyzed on basis of p-value(significant <0.05). Results: Out of total 47 patients, 6 patients (12.80%) were found to besero converted to hepatitis C during the dialysis treatment in our centre. History of surgicalprocedure (major/minor) (83.3%, p value:0.006) and presence of hepatitis C in spouse (66.7%,p value :0.0001) were found to be statistically significant risk factors. Conclusion: The currentstudy indicates the high rates of hepatitis C seroconversion in hemodialysis patients and thevarious contributing risk factors for it. Because of the immunodeficiency in these patients,intense education to medical staff as well as patients themselves will be beneficial in controllingthe spread.

scholarly journals Transmission of Helicobacter pylori and the role of water and biofilms

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven L. Percival ◽  
John G. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
H Pylori ◽  
Primary Transmission

Documented evidence relating to the survival of Helicobacter pylori outside the gastric niche is extremely limited. To date the primary transmission routes of H. pylori have yet to be confirmed and when this is achieved preventive infection control measures can be implemented to reduce and ultimately prevent human infection from this pathogen. There is mounting evidence which suggests that the prevalence of H. pylori infection has a strong correlation with access to clean water, suggesting a transmission route to the host. However, there are no established culture methods for the detection of viable H. pylori in the environment, in particular drinking water supplies, preventing the development of true epidemiological and risk assessments. The aim of this review is to highlight the available data to date that suggests drinking water and possible survival in biofilms as a probable transmission mode for H. pylori.

scholarly journals Bacterial bloodstream infections in level-I trauma intensive care unit in Serbia: incidence, causative agents and outcomes

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1079-1087 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivera Djuric ◽  
Ljiljana Markovic-Denic ◽  
Bojan Jovanovic ◽  
Snezana Jovanovic ◽  
Vuk Marusic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Unknown Origin ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Trauma Patients ◽  
Healthcare Associated Infection ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Acinetobacter Spp

Introduction: We aimed to describe incidence, outcomes and antimicrobial resistance markers of causative agents of bacterial BSI in the intensive care unit (ICU) in a trauma center in Serbia. Methodology: Prospective surveillance was conducted from November 2014 to April 2016 in two trauma-surgical ICUs of the Emergency Department of Clinical center of Serbia. Bloodstream infections were diagnosed using the definitions of Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Results: Out of 406 trauma patients, 57 had at least one episode of BSI (cumulative incidence 14.0%). Overall 62 BSI episodes were diagnosed (incidence rate 11.8/1000 patient/days), of which 43 (69.4%) were primary BSI (13 catheter-related BSI and 30 of unknown origin) and 19 (30.6%) were secondary BSI. The most common isolated pathogen was Acinetobacter spp. [n = 24 (34.8%)], followed by Klebsiella spp. [n = 17 (24.6%)] and P. aeruginosa [n = 8 (1.6%)]. All S. aureus [n = 6 (100%)] and CoNS [n = 3 (100%)] isolates were methicillin resistant, while 4 (66%) of Enterococci isolates were vacomycin resistant. All isolates of Enterobacteriaceae were resistant to third-generation cephalosporins [n = 22 (100%)] while 7 (87.5%) of P. aeruginosa and 23 (95.8%) of Acinetobacter spp. isolates were resistant to carbapenems. All-cause mortality and sepsis were significantly higher in trauma patients with BSI compared to those without BSI (P < 0.001 each). Conclusions: BSI is a common healthcare-associated infection in trauma ICU and it is associated with worse outcome. Better adherence to infection control measures and guidelines for prevention of primary BSI must be achieved.

Foreign Natives: Psychoactivity, Policing, and the Elusive Corporeality of the Post-Soviet Rave

2021 ◽  
pp. 009145092110468
Author(s):  
Pavel Vasilyev ◽  
Viktoria Vinokurova
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Drug Research ◽  
Law Enforcement Officers ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Drug Control ◽  
Resistance Strategies ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
The One ◽  
Material Studies

This article focuses on the rave subculture of St. Petersburg in the 1990s and demonstrates how new forms of psychoactive control and resistance emerged in the wake of the Soviet collapse. By staying sensitive to the material and corporeal aspects of these phenomena, it contributes to the socio-material studies of drug control and emphasizes that the physical body itself should be an important venue for drug research. In doing so, we build on existing literature that discusses bodies as information resources to detect drug use and identifies resistance strategies to increasingly technological drug control measures. We advance this discussion by suggesting that the psychoactive setting of rave in post-Soviet St. Petersburg gave rise to a highly particular yet notably elusive and difficult-to-define type of corporeality. On the one hand, this corporeality could be positively interpreted as a marker of resistance and belonging on the “inside.” At the same time, it could also be employed strategically by law enforcement officers to detect and prosecute drug-consuming individuals. Moreover, we propose to view this psychoactive “rave body” as deeply embedded in its spatio-temporal context—thus accounting for the influence of time and space on the materiality of drug control and resistance. In examining these dynamics, we draw on a wide range of sources, including memoirs, press materials, early Internet archives, publicly printed interviews, photographs, and video materials.

COVID-19 Pandemic Management Experiences of a Pediatric Clinic: Dr. Behçet Uz Pediatrics and Surgery Training Research Hospital Infectious Diseases Clinic Example

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nalan Karaoğlan ◽  
Aslı Çatıkoğlu ◽  
İlker Devrim
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Research Hospital ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Pediatric Clinic ◽  
New Information ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Occupational Infections ◽  
Training Research ◽  
Made In

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus strain (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 is an acute respiratory infection that occurs with a wide range of symptoms. The best way to prevent and slow down infection is based on the assumption that we know the characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the disease it causes, and the way it spreads. This review has been prepared by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit of the Behçet Uz Children’s Education and Research Hospital in order to share the preparations and strategies to combat the SARS-CoV-2 virus together with other hospitals. What has been prepared in the clinic (physical arrangements, disinfection, regulations for the protection of employees from occupational infections, regulations for patients and companions) is explained under subheadings. The COVID-19 epidemic, which has affected the entire world and caused many people to die, requires the establishment of many new regulations in health services, including new ones to existing patient safety and infection control measures. The treatment and care for children and their families continued without interruption, with various arrangements made in the clinic in cooperation with the team, based on the guidelines updated frequently by the Ministry of Health, international literature, and experiences. Nurses who managed to communicate with children by wearing clothes that looked “like robots” (in the words of the children) used their existing knowledge and equipment in this process and gained new knowledge. It is thought that this review will be useful in guiding future developments of new information emerging during the COVID-19 outbreak.

Minimising infection spread of influenza in the care setting

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (Sup10) ◽  
pp. S10-S15
Author(s):  
Ray Higginson
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Seasonal Influenza ◽  
Care Setting ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Respiratory Illnesses ◽  
Infection Control Measures

Seasonal influenza epidemics are a major public health concern, each year causing tens of millions of respiratory illnesses and many deaths worldwide. The young, the elderly and those with pre-existing medical conditions are particularly susceptible to influenza virus complications. In addition to the risk to health, the economic costs of influenza is substantial and the burden posed by the virus to the NHS is great. The currently available influenza virus vaccines are safe and effective in preventing influenza. Along with vaccination, adherence to universal precautions and infection control measures can help prevent the spread of influenza. This article will explore some the most up-to-date influenza literature and research. It will discuss how nurses and other health professionals can use this evidence in order to help them mitigate the consequences of influenza.

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