scholarly journals BALANCING PUBLIC AND PRIVATE INTERESTS THROUGH OPTIMIZATION OF CONCESSION AGREEMENT DESIGN FOR USER-PAY PPP PROJECTS

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ke FENG ◽  
Shouqing WANG ◽  
Nan LI ◽  
Chunlin WU ◽  
Wei XIONG
Keyword(s):  
Discounted Cash Flow ◽  
Nsga Ii ◽  
Public Funds ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Private Interests ◽  
Decision Variables ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Concession Period ◽  
Public Sectors ◽  
Discounted Cash Flow Method

In user-pay public private partnership (PPP) projects, private sectors collect user fees to cover cost and reap revenue. For projects that cannot be self-financed, public sectors usually invest public funds to make them financially feasible. The concession agreement allocates revenues and risks, and lies in the center of balancing public and private interests. However, stakeholders may have contrary opinions regarding the optimization of concession agreement. While private sectors are concerned about earning money, public sectors pay more attention to the efficient use of public funds. To address this challenge, this paper firstly identifies several key concessionary items, including concession period, concession price, capital structure and government subsidy. Then, a multi-objective optimization model is presented using discounted cash flow method, in which key concessionary items act as decision variables and public and private interests are represented by two sub-objectives. Subsequently, the model is solved using non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II). Furthermore, a numerical case based on Beijing No. 4 Metro Line is provided to demonstrate the application of the model. Results show that the proposed model can produce a series of viable combinations of concessionary items that balance public and private interests, which provides practical references for relative decision making activities.

scholarly journals Parafiscalities: Problems and Prospects of Legal Regulation

2019 ◽  
pp. 2014-2022
Author(s):  
Victor V. Ignatenko ◽  
Natalya W. Vasilyeva ◽  
Yulia W. Pyatkovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Payment System ◽  
The State ◽  
Financial Control ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Public Funds ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Private Interests

The article refers to investigating problems of legal regulation of parafiscal payments and ways of their solving. It marks the increasing number of payments as well as strengthening scientists’ interest to the issue in recent years. However, it has not led to legal regulation improvement of the sphere. While studying the issues the authors use the conceptual approach to consider the obligatory payments accumulated out of the budgetary system as “parafiscalities” that is supported by law enforcement practice. Analysing the main characteristics of parafiscal payments, the authors compare them with taxes and levies, separating the last, first of all, according to the purpose of establishing and collecting ones that are expected to satisfy not the state (municipal), but other public social or economic interests. The article also reveals negative sides of current parafiscal system that are mostly caused by legal regulation insufficiency in the sphere. In addition, it highlights the necessity of legislative definition for basic fundamentals to establish, introduce and levy payments providing public and private interests balance and that will ensure protection of payers’ rights who make parafiscal payments. The article also raises the problem of strengthening the financial control over the parafiscal payment system that is also possible only in case of complex legal regulation of all obligatory payments coming to the decentralized public funds

Inventory and pricing decisions for imperfect quality items with inspection errors, sales returns, and partial backorders under inflation

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 287-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aditi Khanna ◽  
Aakanksha Kishore ◽  
Biswajit Sarkar ◽  
Chandra K. Jaggi
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Type I ◽  
Discounted Cash Flow ◽  
Screening Process ◽  
Imperfect Quality ◽  
Decision Variables ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Price Order ◽  
Inspection Process

In this paper, an optimal replenishment inventory policy for imperfect quality items is presented with a selling price-dependent demand under inflationary conditions using a discounted cash flow (DCF) approach. Due to the presence of defectives in the system, all items go through a 100% inspection process. However, the screening process is also considered to be imperfect and involves errors, namely Type-I and Type-II. In addition, shortages are allowed and are partially backlogged. An optimal solution for the proposed model is derived by maximizing the expected profit function by jointly optimizing three decision variables: selling price, order quantity, and backorder level. To validate the theoretical results, a numerical example along with comprehensive sensitivity analysis is offered. The model has pertinence in industries like textiles, electronics, furniture, footwear, automobiles, and plastics.

Model of Food Security in the Russian Federation

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 4531-4533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alina R. Battalova ◽  
Nadezhda A. Opokina
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Spontaneous Order ◽  
Food Sector ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Sustainable Food ◽  
Private Interests ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
The Russian Federation

Although sustainable food security is a national and transnational concern, there are still different ways to measure it. The purpose of this study was to determine a conceptual model capable of measuring all aspects of food security in the country. A definite answer to these difficulties is the development of the theory of food security and the development of new tools to protect the population from the hazards and threats. In this paper, the proposed model of the food sector of economic security, which provides the choice of the optimal solution for the selected criteria, which is based on the recognition of the multi-subject composition of its participants (the state, its constituent regional entities, enterprises and their integrated entities, households) between them, implemented using the methods of hierarchical coordination and spontaneous order, a combination of public and private interests. The targets for the functioning of the food sector as the most important component of the system of economic security are: physical and economic accessibility of food for various categories of the population, characterized by the necessary quantity, assortment and quality with a certain level of solvency of consumers; food supply of the population; protection of domestic producers from import dependence in the markets of final food products and resources for their production.

The Role of the Business Sector in Global Health Politics

2018 ◽  
pp. 385-408
Author(s):  
Kelley Lee ◽  
Julia Smith
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Business Sector ◽  
Policy Debate ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Health Politics ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Private Interests ◽  
Health Related

The influence of for-profit businesses in collective action across countries to protect and promote population health dates from the first International Sanitary Conferences of the nineteenth century. The restructuring of the world economy since the late twentieth century and the growth of large transnational corporations have led the business sector to become a key feature of global health politics. The business sector has subsequently moved from being a commercial producer of health-related goods and services, contractor, and charitable donor, to being a major shaper of, and even participant in, global health policymaking bodies. This chapter discusses three sites where this has occurred: collective action to regulate health-harming industries, activities to provide for public interest needs, and participation in decision-making within global health institutions. These changing forms of engagement by the business sector have elicited scholarly and policy debate regarding the appropriate relationship between public and private interests in global health.

A system dynamics model for routing and scheduling of cross-dock and transportation in reverse logistics network of perishable goods

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Pezhman Abbasi Tavallali ◽  
Mohammad Reza Feylizadeh ◽  
Atefeh Amindoust
Keyword(s):  
System Dynamics ◽  
Reverse Logistics ◽  
Logistics Network ◽  
Routing And Scheduling ◽  
Perishable Goods ◽  
Decision Variables ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Reverse Logistics Network ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Space Requirements

Cross-dock is defined as the practice of unloading goods from incoming vehicles and loading them directly into outbound vehicles. Cross-docking can simplify supply chains and help them to deliver goods to the market more swiftly and efficiently by removing or minimizing warehousing costs, space requirements, and use of inventory. Regarding the lifetime of perishable goods, their routing and scheduling in the cross-dock and transportation are of great importance. This study aims to analyze the scheduling and routing of cross-dock and transportation by System Dynamics (SD) modeling to design a reverse logistics network for the perishable goods. For this purpose, the relations between the selected variables are first specified, followed by assessing and examining the proposed model. Finally, four scenarios are developed to determine the optimal values of decision variables. The results indicate the most influencing factors on reaching the optimal status is the minimum distance between the cross-dock and destination, rather than increasing the number of manufactories.

The Rôle and Management of the Federal Statistical System

1940 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart A. Rice
Keyword(s):  
Economic System ◽  
Statistical System ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Business Units ◽  
Private Interests ◽  
Research Organizations ◽  
Economic Statistics ◽  
The Press ◽  
National Economic

The profusion of American statistics is a frequent source of astonishment to statisticians of other nations. Statistics are assembled and published by official agencies at all levels of government; by trade and industrial associations; by individual business concerns; by the church, universities, and the press; by professional research organizations; by a multitude of societies and associations with innumerable aims and programs; and sometimes by the plain citizen himself. Collectively, the statistical activities of the nation comprise a system in the same sense that the activities of four and one-half million business units comprise a national economic system.There is, in fact, a functional relationship between the national statistical system and the socio-economic order of which it is a part. The primary functions of social and economic statistics are to illuminate practical problems, to assist in the determination of policies, and to aid in arriving at administrative decisions. No sharp line can be drawn in these respects between public and private affairs. Statistics find their raison d'etre as tools, to be used by public officials and by all manner of private interests, and in each case to make some part of the socio-economic system work more effectively.

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