Selection of Appropriate Scale of Relief Model

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Kuzma ◽  
Marcin Lisowski
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Digital Terrain Model ◽  
Terrain Model ◽  
Digital Terrain ◽  
Vertical Scale ◽  
Land Surveying ◽  
Correct Representation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Selection Of

This paper presents the application of digital terrain model in developing a relief model. The digital terrain model served as the basis for the relief model. The research has taken into account the subject of combining different data in order to develop a numerical model of the land − surveying, bathymetry, maps. Another issue addressed was the one of vertical scale or exceeding it in the developed model. Its appropriate selection allows the correct representation of the terrain geomorphology. The paper presents research in carrying out relief model of Szczesliwicki Park in Warsaw. The results show the link between the vertical scale or exceeding it and the accuracy (correctness) of relief model in large-scale descriptions. In addition, a verification of models was made with the use of a scanner that uses structural light.

scholarly journals The Application of Decision Binary Trees to Assess the Usefulness of The Digital Terrain Model in Studying the Relationships Between Relief and Vegetation in The Polish High Tatra

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 305-313
Author(s):  
Karol Kącki
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Plant Communities ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Digital Terrain Model ◽  
Binary Trees ◽  
Terrain Model ◽  
Digital Terrain ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One

Abstract The relationships between individual components of the natural environment have long been an object of research (Kostrowicki, Wójcik, 1972; Rączkowska, Kozłowska, 1994; Kozłowska, Rączkowska, 1996). This paper is an attempt to analyse the relationships between two geocomponents of the natural environment: relief and vegetation, from a perspective contrary to the one currently prevailing in the literature of the subject. This approach assumes that relief, with its dominant role as a component strongly affecting the formation of the remaining factors, can be indicative in character and as such can represent basic factors that help determine and anticipate the occurrences of certain plant communities as well as locations with no vegetation. Using geoinformation data along with the tools to process them, an attempt was made to assess the usefulness of the DTM (Digital Terrain Model) to identify selected plant communities, rock and water. The development of a model of the relationships between the relief and the vegetation is an attempt to capture the correspondence between the parameters characterising the relief, calculated using the DTM model and classes of objects, with the use of information obtained from an Ikonos XS image. This model was subsequently used to draw a map of the land cover for a part of the Gąsienicowa Valley in the High Tatra (Dolina Gąsienicowa). For the purpose of this exercise, a technique of data classification called DBT (Decision Binary Trees) was used.

scholarly journals BACKPACK MOBILE MAPPING SOLUTION FOR DTM EXTRACTION OF LARGE INACCESSIBLE SPACES

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-2/W15 ◽  
pp. 473-480
Author(s):  
F. Fassi ◽  
L. Perfetti
Keyword(s):  
Digital Terrain Model ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mobile Mapping ◽  
Terrain Model ◽  
Digital Terrain ◽  
Mapping System ◽  
Mobile Mapping System ◽  
The One ◽  
Mapping Solution

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The paper presents the case study of the complete 3D survey of the area of the Fort of Pietole in Borgo Virgilio using the Leica Pegasus Backpack wearable Mobile Mapping System (MMS). Surveying the site is challenging because of its complex topology on the one hand (with notably narrow passages) and because of the presence of vegetation on the other. The framework within which this research takes place is the Fort of Pietole survey project that aims at the extraction of the Digital Terrain Model (DTM) of the area and the georeferencing of the fort defensive structures. The requirement of the project is the 3D reconstruction of the whole area at an accuracy that stands between a big scale environmental survey and a small-scale architectonic survey (1&amp;thinsp;:&amp;thinsp;500).</p> <p>The project is the opportunity to discuss the state of the art of wearable MMS, and to test the versatility and accuracy outcomes of the Pegasus Backpack under varying and challenging condition (indoor-outdoor, even-uneven pavement, satellite covered-denied areas) with the ambitious goal to use only the backpack MMS to record all the data from the DTM to the indoor narrow structures.</p>

scholarly journals AUTOMATED MAPPING OF PERMANENT PRESERVATION AREAS ON HILLTOPS

CERNE ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guilherme de Castro Oliveira ◽  
Elpidio Inacio Fernandes Filho
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Digital Terrain Model ◽  
Map Algebra ◽  
Automated Mapping ◽  
Model Builder ◽  
Terrain Model ◽  
Digital Terrain ◽  
Forest Code ◽  
New Forest ◽  
The Many

ABSTRACT Permanent Preservation Areas (PPAs) on hilltops are among the many areas protected by the New Forest Code in Brazil. Mapping of these involves difficult interpretation and application of the Law, as well a complex task of translating it in map algebra. This paper aims to present, in detail, a methodological model for delimitation of PPAs on hilltops, according to the Brazilian new Forest Code (NFC, Law 12,651/2012). The model was developed in Model Builder for ArcGIS 10.2, and is able to map the PPAs in any digital terrain model. However, field validations are required to verify its efficiency. There is need for legal standardization of criteria that may cause subjectivity in delimitation. The organization of these data on a large scale is very important, as example, to the Rural Environmental Registry, which provides georeferencing of all rural properties and its protected areas in Brazil.

scholarly journals ANALYTICAL AND DIGITAL PHOTOGRAMMETRIC GEODATA PRODUCTION SYSTEMS (A COMPARISON TEST)

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Birutė Ruzgienė ◽  
Edita Aleknienė
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Digital Terrain Model ◽  
Terrain Model ◽  
Digital Mapping ◽  
Digital Terrain ◽  
Terrain Models ◽  
Mapping System ◽  
Mapping Technology ◽  
Images Processing

Up-to-date mapping technologies are in the middle of transition from analytical to digital. The usage of new methods and technologies implies the desire to increase mapping capability. Despite that, analytical and digital methods may be used simultaneously, thus getting more efficient results. The research objective is to present some aspects of functionality of both digital and analytical photogrammetric mapping approaches in generating 3D geodata. The experimental results show which of the two methods could lead to a more flexible mapping production in consideration of the following criteria: accuracy, flexibility, time and cost. The main result of investigations shows, that the orthophoto generation is successfully using fully automatic systems. The digital terrain models created by two technologies are almost the same due to time-consuming. Therefore more time is required for the Digital Photogrammetric System when the terrain is rougher. Despite the fact that digital photogrammetric mapping technology drastically develops, there is no doubt that analytical photogrammetry is still a significant production system for large‐scale mapping. The results demonstrate that there is not too much difference in accuracy between the analytical and the digital 14 μm pixel size images processing. The interpretation capability of experimental test area in the Digital Photogrammetric System was more complicated as it was by the analytical plotter. Two systems integrations have been foreseen. Digital terrain model obtained by the analytical plotter can be transferred to digital mapping system for orthophoto generation.

The generalized gravity anomaly: Endoscopic microgravity

Geophysics ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 712-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Lakshmanan
Keyword(s):  
Underground Structure ◽  
Bouguer Anomaly ◽  
Digital Terrain Model ◽  
Gravity Anomalies ◽  
Underground Structures ◽  
Terrain Model ◽  
Digital Terrain ◽  
Generalized Inversion ◽  
Gravity Measurements ◽  
The One

Various underground 3-D gravity surveys have necessitated a generalization of the usual gravity corrections and of the Bouguer anomaly. The method presented here compares raw, time‐dependent gravity measurements, to a model’s total theoretical field, including known fields: moon, sun, 1967 Reference Ellipsoid, oceans; partially known fields: due to a single digital terrain model of known geometry but of unknown densities; and unknown fields due to underground structures of unknown shapes and of unknown densities. For a single‐density model, the corresponding first‐degree residual is close in concept to the Bouguer anomaly. To best determine underground structure, generalized inversion then leads to determination of the one or several densities and of one or several “regional” parameters, which minimize residuals. The suggested method is mainly advantageous in special types of gravity surveys, such as rugged terrain, or in the case of underground surveys, where conventional corrections, with a preset terrain density can possibly lead to substantial errors. Two field examples are developed (1) the Cheops pyramid survey, where the processing of gravity measurements inside, above, and around the pyramid led to an evaluation of the structure’s overall density and of density changes in the structure; and (2) the Coche hydroelectric tunnel in the Alps, where the method leads to a 3-D model explaining the very strong gravity anomalies observed in the tunnel and on the mountain above it.

Development of a 3D Viewer for georeferencing and monoplotting of historical terrestrial images.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Flöry ◽  
Camillo Ressl ◽  
Gerhard Puercher ◽  
Norbert Pfeifer ◽  
Markus Hollaus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Digital Terrain Model ◽  
Local Scale ◽  
Aerial Imagery ◽  
Ground Control ◽  
Control Points ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Terrain Model ◽  
Digital Terrain ◽  
Ground Control Points ◽  
Selection Of

&lt;p&gt;Mountain regions are disproportionately affected by global warming and changing precipitation conditions. Especially the strong variations within high mountain ranges at the local scale require additional sources in order to quantify changes within this challenging environment. With the emergence of alpine tourism, terrestrial photographs became available by the end of 1800, predating aerial imagery for the selected study areas by 50 years. Due to the earlier availability and oblique acquisition geometry these images are a promising source for quantifying changes within mountainous regions at the local scale. Within the research project SEHAG, methods to process these images and to analyse their potential to quantify and describe environmental changes are developed and applied to study areas in Austria and Italy.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;One of the prerequisites for the estimation of changes based on terrestrial imagery is the calculation of the corresponding object point for each pixel in a global coordinate system resulting in a georeferenced orthorectified image. This can be achieved by intersecting the ray defined by the projection center of the camera and each pixel with a digital terrain model, a process known as monoplotting.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;So far 1000 terrestrial images with unknown interior and exterior orientation have been collected from various archives for the selected study areas Kaunertal, Horlachtal (both Tyrol, Austria) and Martelltal (South Tyrol, Italy). In order to estimate all camera parameters a 3D viewer for the selection of ground control points has been developed and implemented. The estimation of the exterior and interior orientation is done in OrientAL.&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Preliminary results for selected images show, that especially the developed 3D viewer is an important improvement for the selection of well distributed ground control points and the accurate estimation of the exterior and interior orientation. Monoplotting depends on a digital terrain model, which cannot be computed from the terrestrial images alone due to missing overlap and different acquisitions times. Hence, the combination with historical digital terrain models derived from aerial imagery is necessary to minimize errors introduced due to changes in topography until today. While the large amount of terrestrial images with their oblique acquisition geometries can be exploited to fill occluded areas by combining the results from multiple images, the partly missing or inaccurate temporal information poses another limitation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;With this large image collection, for the first time, we are able to evaluate the use of historical oblique terrestrial photographs for change detection in a systematic manner. This will promote knowledge about challenges, limitations and the achievable accuracy of monoplotting within mountainous regions. The work is part of the SEHAG project (project number I 4062) funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF).&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals ASSESMENT OF THE INFLUENCE OF UAV IMAGE QUALITY ON THE ORTHOPHOTO PRODUCTION

2015 ◽  
Vol XL-1/W4 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Wierzbicki ◽  
M. Kedzierski ◽  
A. Fryskowska
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Digital Terrain Model ◽  
Image Data ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Noticeable Increase ◽  
Terrain Model ◽  
Digital Terrain ◽  
Lighting Conditions ◽  
Terrain Models ◽  
Uav Image

Over the past years a noticeable increase of interest in using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) for acquiring low altitude images has been observed. This method creates new possibilities of using geodata captured from low altitudes to generate large scale orthophotos. Because of comparatively low costs, UAV aerial surveying systems find many applications in photogrammetry and remote sensing. One of the most significant problems with automation of processing of image data acquired with this method is its low accuracy. This paper presents the following stages of acquisition and processing of images collected in various weather and lighting conditions: aerotriangulation, generating of Digital Terrain Models (DTMs), orthorectification and mosaicking. In the research a compact, non-metric camera, mounted on a fuselage powered by an electric motor was used. The tested area covered flat, agricultural and woodland terrains. Aerotriangulation and point cloud accuracy as well as generated digital terrain model and mosaic exactness were examined. Dense multiple image matching was used as a benchmark. The processing and analysis were carried out with INPHO UASMaster programme. Based on performed accuracy analysis it was stated that images acquired in poor weather conditions (cloudy, precipitation) degrade the final quality and accuracy of a photogrammetric product by an average of 25%.

scholarly journals Correlation among Earthwork and Cropmark Anomalies within Archaeological Landscape Investigation by Using LiDAR and Multispectral Technologies from UAV

Drones ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 72
Author(s):  
Diego Ronchi ◽  
Marco Limongiello ◽  
Salvatore Barba
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Indices ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Digital Terrain Model ◽  
Buried Structures ◽  
Aerial Photos ◽  
Terrain Model ◽  
Survey Techniques ◽  
Digital Terrain ◽  
Vegetation Maps ◽  
The One

This project aimed to systematically investigate the archaeological remains of the imperial Domitian villa in Sabaudia (Italy), using different three-dimensional survey techniques. Particular attention in the research was paid to the identification and documentation of traces that buried structures left on the surface occupied by the villa, which extended for 46 hectares, an area that was fully covered with structures. Since a dense pine forest was planted during the 1940s and is currently covering the site, this contribution investigates particularly the correlation among the presence of cropmarks, identifiable with the processing of multispectral maps and vegetation indices from RGB images, and earthwork anomalies identified in a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) built, by utilizing a light detection and ranging (LiDAR) flight from an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). The study demonstrates how the use of vegetation maps—calculated starting from RGB and multispectral aerial photos—can provide a more expeditious preliminary analysis on the position and extension of areas characterized by the presence of buried structures, but also that, in order to investigate in-depth a context in similar conditions, the most effective approach remains the one based on LiDAR technology. The integration between the two techniques may prove fruitful in limiting the extension of the areas to be investigated with terrestrial survey techniques.

scholarly journals Workflow for 3D geovisualization of the data obtained with the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Augmented Reality

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Łukasz Halik ◽  
Maciej Smaczyński ◽  
Beata Medyńska-Gulij
Keyword(s):  
Augmented Reality ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
3D Model ◽  
Digital Terrain Model ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Irregular Shape ◽  
Terrain Model ◽  
Natural Aggregate ◽  
Digital Terrain

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The attempt to work out the geomatic workflow of transforming low-level aerial imagery obtained with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) into a digital terrain model (DTM) and implementing the 3D model into the augmented reality (AR) system constitutes the main problem discussed in this article. The authors suggest the following workflow demonstrated in Fig. 1.</p><p>The series of pictures obtained by means of UAV equipped with a HD camera was the source of data to be worked out in the final stage of the geovisualization. The series was then processed and a few point clouds were isolated from it, being later used for generating test 3D models.</p><p>The practical aim of the research conducted was to work out, on the basis of the UAV pictures, the 3D geovisualization in the AR system that would depict the heap of the natural aggregate of irregular shape. The subsequent aim was to verify the accuracy of the produced 3D model. The object of the study was a natural aggregate heap of irregular shape and denivelations up to 11 meters.</p><p>Based on the obtained photos, three point clouds (varying in the level of detail) were generated for the 20&amp;thinsp;000-meter-square area. The several-centimeter differences observed between the control points in the field and the ones from the model might corroborate the usefulness of the described algorithm for creating large-scale DTMs for engineering purposes. The method of transformation of pictures into the point cloud that was subsequently transformed into 3D models was employed in the research, resulting in the scheme depicting the technological sequence of the creation of 3D geovisualization worked out in the AR system. The geovisualization can be viewed thanks to a specially worked out mobile application for smartphones.</p>

scholarly journals SimpleForest - a comprehensive tool for 3d reconstruction of trees from forest plot point clouds

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Hackenberg ◽  
Kim Calders ◽  
Miro Demol ◽  
Pasi Raumonen ◽  
Alexandre Piboule ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Digital Terrain Model ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Forest Plot ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Terrain Model ◽  
Digital Terrain ◽  
Pipe Model ◽  
The One

The here-on presented SimpleForest is written in C++ and published under GPL v3. As input data SimpleForest utilizes forestry scenes recorded as terrestrial laser scan clouds. SimpleForest provides a fully automated pipeline to model the ground as a digital terrain model, then segment the vegetation and finally build quantitative structure models of trees (QSMs) consisting of up to thousands of topologically ordered cylinders. These QSMs allow us to calculate traditional forestry metrics such as diameter at breast height, but also volume and other structural metrics that are hard to measure in the field. Our volume evaluation on three data sets with destructive volumes show high prediction qualities with concordance correlation coefficient CCC (r2 adj.) of 0.91 (0.87), 0.94 (0.92) and 0.97 (0.93) for each data set respectively. We combine two common assumptions in plant modeling The sum of cross sectional areas after a branch junction equals the one before the branch junction (Pipe Model Theory) and Twigs are self-similar (West, Brown and Enquist model). As even sized twigs correspond to even sized cross sectional areas for twigs we define the Reverse Pipe Radius Branchorder (RPRB) as the square root of the number of supported twigs. The prediction model radius = B 0 ∗ RP RB relies only on correct topological information and can be used to detect and correct overestimated cylinders. In QSM building the necessity to handle overestimated cylinders is well known. The RPRB correction performs better with a CCC (r2 adj.) of 0.97 (0.93) than former published ones 0.80 (0.88) and 0.86 (0.85) in our validation. We encourage forest ecologists to analyze output parameters such as the GrowthVolume published in earlier works, but also other parameters such as the GrowthLength, VesselVolume and RPRB which we define in this manuscript.

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