scholarly journals Change in Word Meanings as One of the Features Signifying the Development of Computer Terms

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-54
Author(s):  
Vilija Celiešienė
Keyword(s):  
Single Word ◽  
Standard Language ◽  
Word Meanings ◽  
Encyclopedic Dictionary ◽  
Linguistic Means

The article aims to analyse the change in meanings of standard language words viewed as a result of the development of computer terms. Words that, in the process of terminologisation and transterminologisation, have been transferred to computer terms from standard language or other subject fields and included in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Computer Terms (Enciklopedinis kompiuterijos žodynas 2012) are analysed. The objects of the research were simple semantic formations and caiques, all of which were standard Lithuanian language words that either turned into terms in the field of computer terms or were transferred from other subject fields by inner borrowing. The research carried out has shown that most of the terms studied are semantic caiques formed – albeit merely outwardly – using own linguistic means yet having borrowed, most likely from English, their very concept and its definition. The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Computer Terms contains only a few single-word computer terms whose new meaning originated from the Lithuanian language and that could be regarded as semantic formations.

scholarly journals Left posterior temporal cortex is sensitive to syntax within conceptually matched Arabic expressions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suhail Matar ◽  
Julien Dirani ◽  
Alec Marantz ◽  
Liina Pylkkänen
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Syntactic Complexity ◽  
Conceptual Combination ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Grammatical Structure ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Word Meanings ◽  
Left Posterior ◽  
Vary Structure

AbstractDuring language comprehension, the brain processes not only word meanings, but also the grammatical structure—the “syntax”—that strings words into phrases and sentences. Yet the neural basis of syntax remains contentious, partly due to the elusiveness of experimental designs that vary structure independently of meaning-related variables. Here, we exploit Arabic’s grammatical properties, which enable such a design. We collected magnetoencephalography (MEG) data while participants read the same noun-adjective expressions with zero, one, or two contiguously-written definite articles (e.g., ‘chair purple’; ‘the-chair purple’; ‘the-chair the-purple’), representing equivalent concepts, but with different levels of syntactic complexity (respectively, indefinite phrases: ‘a purple chair’; sentences: ‘The chair is purple.’; definite phrases: ‘the purple chair’). We expected regions processing syntax to respond differently to simple versus complex structures. Single-word controls (‘chair’/‘purple’) addressed definiteness-based accounts. In noun-adjective expressions, syntactic complexity only modulated activity in the left posterior temporal lobe (LPTL), ~ 300 ms after each word’s onset: indefinite phrases induced more MEG-measured positive activity. The effects disappeared in single-word tokens, ruling out non-syntactic interpretations. In contrast, left anterior temporal lobe (LATL) activation was driven by meaning. Overall, the results support models implicating the LPTL in structure building and the LATL in early stages of conceptual combination.

scholarly journals The meaning-making mechanism(s) behind the eyes and between the ears

2019 ◽  
Vol 375 (1791) ◽  
pp. 20190301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Hagoort
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Meaning Making ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Brain Activation ◽  
Dynamic Interaction ◽  
Mechanistic Models ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Word Meanings ◽  
Lexical Meaning

In this contribution, the following four questions are discussed: (i) where is meaning?; (ii) what is meaning?; (iii) what is the meaning of mechanism?; (iv) what are the mechanisms of meaning? I will argue that meanings are in the head. Meanings have multiple facets, but minimally one needs to make a distinction between single word meanings (lexical meaning) and the meanings of multi-word utterances. The latter ones cannot be retrieved from memory, but need to be constructed on the fly. A mechanistic account of the meaning-making mind requires an analysis at both a functional and a neural level, the reason being that these levels are causally interdependent. I will show that an analysis exclusively focusing on patterns of brain activation lacks explanatory power. Finally, I shall present an initial sketch of how the dynamic interaction between temporo-parietal areas and inferior frontal cortex might instantiate the interpretation of linguistic utterances in the context of a multimodal setting and ongoing discourse information. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Towards mechanistic models of meaning composition’

scholarly journals Conceptual Relations Predict Colexification across Languages

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Xu ◽  
dnk ◽  
Barbara Claire Malt ◽  
Serena Jiang ◽  
Mahesh Srinivasan
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Cognitive Effort ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Word Meanings ◽  
Cognitive Economy ◽  
Linguistic Resources ◽  
Important Constraint ◽  
Multiple Meanings

In natural language, multiple meanings often share a single word form, a phenomenon known as colexification. Some sets of meanings are more frequently colexified across languages than others, but the source of this variation is not well understood. We propose that cross-linguistic variation in colexification frequency is non-arbitrary and reflects a general principle of cognitive economy: More commonly colexified meanings across languages are those that require less cognitive effort to relate. To evaluate our proposal, we examine patterns of colexification of varying frequency from about 250 languages. We predict these colexification data based on independent measures of conceptual relatedness drawn from large-scale psychological and linguistic resources. Our results show that meanings that are more frequently colexified across these languages tend to be more strongly associated by speakers of English, suggesting that conceptual associativity provides an important constraint on the development of the lexicon. Our work extends research on polysemy and the evolution of word meanings by grounding cross-linguistic regularities in colexification in basic principles of human cognition.

scholarly journals Representing composed meanings through temporal binding

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh Rabagliati ◽  
Leonidas A. A. Doumas ◽  
Douglas K. Bemis
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Binding Problem ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Temporal Binding ◽  
Word Meanings ◽  
Vision Science ◽  
Human Thought ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Compositional Language ◽  
Structural Relations

A key feature of human thought and language is compositionality, the ability to bind pre-existing concepts and word meanings together in order to express new ideas. Here we ask how newly composed complex concepts are mentally represented and matched to the outside world, by testing whether it is harder to verify if a picture matches the meaning of a phrase, like big pink tree, than the meaning of a single word, like tree. Five sentence-picture verification experiments provide evidence that, in fact, the meaning of a phrase can often be checked just as fast as the meaning of one single word (and sometimes faster), indicating that the phrase’s constituent concepts can be represented and checked in parallel. However, verification times were increased when matched phrases had more complex modification structures, indicating that it is costly to represent structural relations between constituent concepts. This pattern of data can be well-explained if concepts are composed together using two different mechanisms, binding by synchrony and binding by asynchrony, which have been suggested as solutions to the “binding problem” faced in both vision science and higher-level cognition. Our results suggest that they can also explain aspects of compositional language processing.

scholarly journals Architectonics of dialect text (experemental phonetic analyasis)

2020 ◽  
pp. 110-121
Author(s):  
Nataliia Verbych ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spontaneous Speech ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Sound File ◽  
Oral Speech ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Auditory Analysis ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Linguistic Means ◽  
Phonological System

Phonetics of Ukrainian dialects has long been and remains the object of analysis. Separate articles and thorough monographic studies confirm this. Researchers consider to describing the system-structural originality of speeches, establishing the composition of segmental units in different dialects, their significance in the phonological system of the dialect, systematizing knowledge about the manifestations and relationships of phonemes. Super segmental differences of Ukrainian dialects are insufficiently studied. Intonation is a collection of sound linguistic means that are used to express semantic, emotional, expressive and modal character of the phrase, communicative meaning and situational conditionality, stylistic color of the text and the individuality of dialect speakers’ expressive techniques. The value of intonation in organization of oral speech is determined by its function – segmentation, structuring and selection. The paper studies the intonation parameters that ensure the integrity of the text and perform the function of connecting its individual elements. The author described the super segmental organization of a dialect text, identified and explored prosodic means not only of a single word, phrase or phrase, described the relationship of these units within the text, taking into account its content and structure. The article focuses on the features of segmentation of the dialectal speech. This study shows the difference between real sound file and his fixing during an auditory analysis. Much attention is given to the difference between a syntax and real articulation of broadcasting. The study demonstrates that the intonation structure of the dialect text as a kind of spontaneous speech is peculiar. In dialect narratives, the relationship between syntax and pauses (as the most important markers of segmentation) is much more complex than in a read or pre-prepared text. In spontaneous dialect narratives, the correlation between content and form shifts due to the simultaneity and synchronicity of the processes of thinking, planning, and producing thought. In some parts of the text there is a violation of formal and grammatical connections, the boundaries of phrases / syntagmas are blurred, their prosodic design has no clear delimitative features, as in codified speech, which leads to variance in the division of the text into separate segments. Keywords: dialect narratives, intonation, contour, pitch, pause.

Procedure for Maximizing Phonological Information from Single-Word Responses

1984 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 267-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harriet B. Klein
Keyword(s):  
Phonological Information ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Preliminary Assessment ◽  
Target Attainment ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
Step Procedure ◽  
Yield Information ◽  
Assessment Measure ◽  
Busy Clinician ◽  
Planning Intervention

Formal articulation test responses are often used by the busy clinician as a basis for planning intervention goals. This article describes a 6-step procedure for using efficiently the single-word responses elicited with an articulation test. This procedure involves the assessment of all consonants within a word rather than only test-target consonants. Responses are organized within a Model and Replica chart to yield information about an individual's (a) articulation ability, (b) frequency of target attainment, substitutions, and deletions, (c) variability in production, and (d) phonological processes. This procedure is recommended as a preliminary assessment measure. It is advised that more detailed analysis of continuous speech be undertaken in conjunction with early treatment sessions.

The Ontogenesis of Agent

1982 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 306-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lesley Barrett Olswang ◽  
Robert L. Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
Single Word ◽  
Linguistic Expression ◽  
Structured Activities

Three children were followed longitudinally for 12 months, between their 11th and 22nd months of life, to document their development of the linguistic expression of the agent concept. The children were observed approximately once a month in play and structured activities designed to elicit nonverbal and linguistic behaviors indicative of the children's awareness of the agent concept. This study describes how the linguistic behaviors (i.e., vocalizations, single-word utterances, and multiword utterances) were paired with emerging nonverbal agentive behaviors over the 12-month period. The children's first vocalizations did not appear to be consistently associated with any nonverbal agentive behaviors. Later vocalizations were consistently paired with directive nonverbal agentive behaviors. With the emergence of the mature cognitive notion of agent, the children produced single-word utterances coding the agent in agent-action-recipient events. And finally, for two of the children, multiword utterances coding two aspects of agent-action-recipient events were produced. The evolution of paired nonverbal agentive behaviors and different utterance types has provided evidence supporting the linguistic expression of an underlying cognitive notion.

Translating Principles of Speech Science to Clinical Practice: Current and Future Trends in Craniofacial Disorders

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Zajac
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Speech Intelligibility ◽  
Current Practice ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Behavioral Management ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Speech Science ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Opinion Article

Abstract The purpose of this opinion article is to review the impact of the principles and technology of speech science on clinical practice in the area of craniofacial disorders. Current practice relative to (a) speech aerodynamic assessment, (b) computer-assisted single-word speech intelligibility testing, and (c) behavioral management of hypernasal resonance are reviewed. Future directions and/or refinement of each area are also identified. It is suggested that both challenging and rewarding times are in store for clinical researchers in craniofacial disorders.

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