scholarly journals AVERAGE SPEED ENFORCEMENT SYSTEM EFFICIENCY ASSESSMENT MODEL

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-69
Author(s):  
Laura Jateikienė ◽  
Audrius Vaitkus
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Main Road ◽  
Average Speed ◽  
The Road ◽  
Traffic Law Enforcement ◽  
High Level ◽  
Speed Enforcement

Accidents are one of the leading cause of death all over the world. Speed has been identified as a factor in road accidents, influencing both the risk of accidents and the severity of the accidents. However, speeding is one of the most frequent violations of traffic rules by the road users. Many results of studies showed that the implementation of speed cameras significantly reduced the vehicle speed and the number of accidents near camera sites. One issue regarding speed enforcement by a speed camera is that a reduction in speed is obtained only on a short section of a road. The results of scientific research analysis suggest that this issue can be overcome by the employment of average speed enforcement system (hereafter system), which is a relatively new approach to traffic law enforcement. Until now, Lithuania had no methodology for selecting road sections to be installed with the system. The purpose of this paper is to develop a model for the assessment of safety impact of the system and to perform economic estimation of a system of Lithuanian main road sections selected under this model. The analysis of international practice helped to develop this model, which joins accident indicators, road and traffic parameters. A cost-benefit analysis of the system, implemented on main road sections and selected by suggested model, shows a high level of payback. The implementation of the system would pay back in one year of service.

On kinematic waves II. A theory of traffic flow on long crowded roads

1955 ◽  
Vol 229 (1178) ◽  
pp. 317-345 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Flow ◽  
Functional Relationship ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Main Road ◽  
The Road ◽  
Traffic Distribution ◽  
Kinematic Waves ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Starting Flow

This paper uses the method of kinematic waves, developed in part I, but may be read independently. A functional relationship between flow and concentration for traffic on crowded arterial roads has been postulated for some time, and has experimental backing (§2). From this a theory of the propagation of changes in traffic distribution along these roads may be deduced (§§2, 3). The theory is applied (§4) to the problem of estimating how a ‘hump’, or region of increased concentration, will move along a crowded main road. It is suggested that it will move slightly slower than the mean vehicle speed, and that vehicles passing through it will have to reduce speed rather suddenly (at a ‘shock wave’) on entering it, but can increase speed again only very gradually as they leave it. The hump gradually spreads out along the road, and the time scale of this process is estimated. The behaviour of such a hump on entering a bottleneck, which is too narrow to admit the increased flow, is studied (§5), and methods are obtained for estimating the extent and duration of the resulting hold-up. The theory is applicable principally to traffic behaviour over a long stretch of road, but the paper concludes (§6) with a discussion of its relevance to problems of flow near junctions, including a discussion of the starting flow at a controlled junction. In the introductory sections 1 and 2, we have included some elementary material on the quantitative study of traffic flow for the benefit of scientific readers unfamiliar with the subject.

Establishment of Risk Assessment Model for Ship Collision using Applied Bayesian Network -Collision Accidents between Fishing vessels and Cargo Vessels -

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Shinoda ◽  
Koji Uru
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Bayesian Network ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Risk Assessment Model ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Fishing Vessels ◽  
Formal Safety Assessment ◽  
Trial Cost

In this study, a risk assessment model for ship collisions is proposed according to the guidelines for Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) approved by IMO in 2002. The analysis is applied to ship collisions between fishing and cargo vessels owing to their high frequency and enormous damage. Bayesian network theory for risk analysis has been applied to reveal a causal relationship on human factors. A trial evaluation of Risk Control Options (RCOs) for collisions is attempted through the calculation of the dominance index. Finally, a trial cost benefit analysis for RCOs is considered through Gross Cost of Averting Fatality (GCAF) in FSA.

Nutzentransfer: Das Sparmodell der Umweltbewertung

2002 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Ahlheim ◽  
Ulrike Lehr
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Economic Valuation ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Benefit Transfer ◽  
Empirical Measure ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
The Road ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Environmental Projects ◽  
Expected Benefits

AbstractCost-benefit analysis of environmental projects often requires economic valuation procedures that are time-consuming and costly. Therefore, the wish to short-cut these procedures comes naturally, e.g. using the so-called „benefit transfer“. This method enables the researcher to use results from previous studies to calculate expected benefits of a planned project. In this paper we discuss the chances and limits of this approach from theoretical and empirical points of view. Starting from the welfare theoretical fundamentals of economic valuation we show that the road to any empirical measure is already marked by various assumptions. Taking a detailed look at the techniques of benefit transfers the paper arrives at recommendations for future benefit transfer studies.

scholarly journals Complementing CO<sub>2</sub> emission reduction by solar radiation management might strongly enhance future welfare

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koen G. Helwegen ◽  
Claudia E. Wieners ◽  
Jason E. Frank ◽  
Henk A. Dijkstra
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Policy Option ◽  
Integrated Assessment Model ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Solar Radiation Management ◽  
Stochastic Dynamic ◽  
Radiation Management

Abstract. Solar radiation management (SRM) has been proposed as a means to reduce global warming in spite of high greenhouse-gas concentrations and to lower the chance of warming-induced tipping points. However, SRM may cause economic damages and its feasibility is still uncertain. To investigate the trade-off between these (economic) gains and damages, we incorporate SRM into a stochastic dynamic integrated assessment model and perform the first rigorous cost–benefit analysis of sulfate-based SRM under uncertainty, treating warming-induced climate tipping and SRM failure as stochastic elements. We find that within our model, SRM has the potential to greatly enhance future welfare and merits being taken seriously as a policy option. However, if only SRM and no CO2 abatement is used, global warming is not stabilised and will exceed 2 K. Therefore, even if successful, SRM can not replace but only complement CO2 abatement. The optimal policy combines CO2 abatement and modest SRM and succeeds in keeping global warming below 2 K.

scholarly journals A SOLUTIONS APPRAISAL TOOL TO ADDRESS THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF TIDAL LAGOONS

2018 ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Kathryn Mackinnon ◽  
Helen C.M Smith ◽  
Francesca Moore ◽  
Harry Van Der Weijde ◽  
Iraklis Lazakis
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Tidal Range ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Swansea Bay ◽  
The Uk ◽  
High Level

The deployment of renewable energy is regarded as a strategy to combat climate change. There have been a number of global agreements aiming to mitigate climate change, the most recent of which was the 2015 Paris Agreement. Often overlooked is the vast amount of marine renewable energy available around the world’s coastlines. In particular tidal range energy is a largely untapped resource which has benefits including reduced uncertainty through use of proven technology, a high level of predictability, the ability to phase shift energy to provide base load supply and a long expected life span (100 years). The key barriers to development of tidal range energy have been environmental concerns and high capital cost. Tidal lagoons are often presented as environmentally friendly alternatives to tidal barrages, but this does not mean their environmental impacts can be overlooked. Recent developments in the UK lagoon industry such as the awarding of a Development Consent Order to Swansea Bay tidal lagoon, mean it is now more important than ever to consider the environmental impacts of tidal lagoons and what solutions are available to address them. This is challenging considering there are no operational tidal lagoons in the world yet. This study aims to: 1. Identify the key impacts through industry engagement 2. Find available solutions through systematic review 3. Select and analyze solutions using Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) and Ecosystem Service Valuation (ESV).

scholarly journals Impact of Average Speed Enforcement Systems on Traffic Safety: Evidence from the Roads of Lithuania

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Laura Gavėnienė ◽  
Laura Jateikienė ◽  
Donatas Čygas ◽  
Aistė Kasperavičienė
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Good Practices ◽  
Average Speed ◽  
The Road ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
First Results ◽  
Speed Enforcement ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Selection Of

Average speed enforcement systems have been used on the roads of foreign countries for many years already, and give a positive effect on reducing accident number. The article presents good practices in the use of average speed enforcement systems in various countries and their impact on improving traffic safety. The article analyses the experience of system installation on the roads of Lithuania and the first results. The article also proposes methodologies for the selection of road sections to be enforced, the equipment used, and distribution of road sections in the road network of Lithuania. A detail analysis is given of the effect of average speed enforcement systems after their installation in three different periods on 25 road sections. The analysed data is differentiated between main and national roads. Conclusions and recommendations are given at the end of the paper for a future development of average speed enforcement systems.

Children’s Cost-Benefit Assessment of Lies Across Three Cultures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia Xinran Guo ◽  
Philippe Rochat
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Urban China ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Benefit Assessment ◽  
Cultural Environment ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Child Friendly

We examined 4- to 11-year-old children’s evaluation of six types of lies arranged along a cost-benefit assessment model factoring both the lie-teller and the lie recipient. Children were from three distinct cultural environments: rural Samoa (n = 99), urban China (n = 49), and urban U.S. (n = 109). Following the simple script of six different stories involving a lie-teller and a lie recipient, children were asked to evaluate the character who lied and whether it deserved reward or punishment using a child-friendly Likert scale. From the time children produce both anti- and prosocial lies, our results show that their evaluation of lies rests on a cost-benefit analysis of both the lie-teller and the lie recipient. Such analysis varies depending on age, type of lie, and the child’s cultural environment. In general, Samoan children tended to rate lies more negatively, and they were less differential in their evaluation of the different types of lies compared to both Chinese and U.S. children. We interpret these results as reflecting the differences across cultures in explicit moral teaching and children’s relative experience in resource allocation.

A rational approach for optimization of road upgrading

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (11) ◽  
pp. 1462-1470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasios Mouratidis ◽  
Grigorios Papageorgiou
Keyword(s):  
Ride Comfort ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Rational Approach ◽  
Ride Quality ◽  
The Road ◽  
Optimal Intervention ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Operational Criteria ◽  
High Level

Roads designed and constructed in the 1950s and 1960s far from cover present-day traffic needs and require maintenance and renewal. A common practice of upgrading aged two-lane roads consists of pavement resurfacing, but this practice often proves insufficient at providing a high serviceability level and risks being inefficient. An existing aged and distressed road may need more radical upgrading operations. The optimum upgrading strategy must be envisaged with regards to prevailing operational criteria such as road safety, ride comfort, and serviceability. In this context, a systematic approach to the upgrading issue has been elaborated aiming at introducing all significant factors to the processing algorithm designating the optimal intervention in each case. The proposed model is meant to determine and recommend the appropriate strategy for each part of the road network and provide a high level of service and avoid unnecessary expenses. Within this scope, this rational strategy proceeds to an exhaustive assessment of examined roads with respect to their performance and defines improvement priorities in accordance with an innovative management policy. The model distinguishes four levels of “upgrading” activities, with each adopted with respect to the road condition, traffic features, ride quality, and environmental considerations. The option derived is supposed to provide the best cost–benefit upgrading solution.

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