scholarly journals Literacy, Bêtise, and the Production of Species Difference in Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451

Extrapolation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-46
Author(s):  
Seán McCorry
Keyword(s):  
Species Difference ◽  
Fahrenheit 451

Oxidative Activity of Aortic Tissue of Man, the Rabbit and the Dog, With Special Reference to Succinic Dehydrogenase and Cytochrome Oxidase

1958 ◽  
Vol 195 (2) ◽  
pp. 476-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelicia Maier ◽  
Henry Haimovici
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Cytochrome Oxidase ◽  
Abdominal Aorta ◽  
Abdominal Segment ◽  
Species Difference ◽  
Succinic Dehydrogenase ◽  
Hepatic Tissue ◽  
Human Aorta ◽  
Aortic Tissue ◽  
Enzymatic Systems

Succinic dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase activities were determined in homogenates of three aortic segments (ascending and arch, descending thoracic, abdominal) and liver of man, the rabbit and the dog. Both enzymes exhibited the lowest activity in human aorta. Succinic dehydrogenase exhibited the highest activity in the thoracic aorta of the dog and intermediate activity in the latter's abdominal segment and the rabbit's aorta. Cytochrome oxidase, in contrast, exhibited the highest activity in the rabbit's aorta. A slight gradient of decreasing activity from thoracic to abdominal aorta was noted for cytochrome oxidase in both the rabbit and dog and for succinic dehydrogenase in the rabbit, whereas a significant decrease in the latter enzyme was noted in the abdominal segment of the dog. No gradient of activity was apparent in man. Liver exhibited the lowest activity for both enzymes in man, highest in the dog and intermediate in the rabbit. The above findings suggest a biologic species difference between the aorta of man, the rabbit and the dog, which may be partly ascribed to a difference in the components of the above two enzymatic systems. The same species difference holds true for hepatic tissue.

Hematological and toxicological evaluation of formaldehyde as a potential cause of human leukemia

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 725-735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard D Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Chromosomal Abnormalities ◽  
Species Difference ◽  
The Body ◽  
Myelogenous Leukemia ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Human Leukemia ◽  
Toxicological Evaluation ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Hematological Cancers

Epidemiological findings suggesting that formaldehyde exposure is associated with a higher risk of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and other hematological cancers have led to consideration of the potential mechanism of action by which inhalation of this rapidly reactive agent can cause bone marrow cancer. Two major mechanism-based arguments against formaldehyde as a leukemogen have been the difficulty in envisioning how inhaled formaldehyde might penetrate to the bone marrow; and the lack of similarity of non-cancer effects to other known human myeloleukemogens, particularly the absence of pancytopenia in humans or laboratory animals exposed to high levels. However, both of these arguments have been addressed by the recent finding of a pancytopenic effect and chromosomal abnormalities in heavily exposed Chinese workers which, if replicated, are indicative of a genotoxic effect of formaldehyde on hematopoietic stem cells that is in keeping with other known human leukemogens. Review of the body of evidence suggests an apparent discrepancy between studies in laboratory animals, which generally fail to show evidence of penetration of formaldehyde into the blood or evidence of blood or bone marrow genotoxicity, and studies of exposed humans in which there tends to be evidence of genotoxicity in circulating blood cells. One possible explanation for this discrepancy is species difference. Another possible explanation is that myeloid precursors within the nasal mucosa may be the site for leukemogenesis. However, chloromas, which are local collections of myeloid tumor cells, are rarely if ever found in the nose. Other proposed mechanisms for formaldehyde leukemogenesis are reviewed, and dose issues at the interface between the epidemiological and hematotoxicological findings are explored.

Vocal Learning of Japanese and Rhesus Monkeys

Behaviour ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 109 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 191-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuo Masataka ◽  
Kazuo Fujita
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Japanese Monkey ◽  
Species Difference ◽  
Vocal Learning ◽  
The Other ◽  
Playback Experiments ◽  
Biological Mothers ◽  
Japanese Monkeys ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Species Specific

AbstractForaging vocalizations given by Japanese and rhesus momkeys reared by their biological mothers differed from each other in a single parameter. Calls made by a Japanese monkey fostered by a rhesus female were dissimilar to those of conspecifics reared by their biological mothers, but similar to those of rhesus monkeys reared by their biological mothers, and the vocalizations given by rhesus monkeys fostered by Japanese monkey mothers were dissimilar to those of conspecifics reared by their biological mothers, but similar to those of Japanese monkeys reared by their biological mothers. Playback experiments revealed that both Japanese and rhesus monkeys distinguished between the calls of Japanese monkeys reared by their biological mothers and of the cross-fostered rhesus monkeys on one hand, and the vocalizations of rhesus monkeys reared by their biological mothers and of the cross-fostered Japanese monkey on the other hand. Thus, production of species-specific vocalizations was learned by each species, and it was the learned species-difference which the monkeys themselves discriminated.

scholarly journals Genetics of Differences in Pheromonal Hydrocarbons Between Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans

Genetics ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 143 (1) ◽  
pp. 353-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerry A Coyne
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Species Difference ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chromosome 3 ◽  
Apparent Effect ◽  
The Third ◽  
Hydrocarbon Profile ◽  
The Right

Abstract Females of Drosophila melanogaster and its sibling species D. simulans have very different cuticular hydrocarbons, with the former bearing predominantly 7,11-heptacosadiene and the latter 7-tricosene. This difference contributes to reproductive isolation between the species. Genetic analysis shows that this difference maps to only the third chromosome, with the other three chromosomes having no apparent effect. The D. simulans alleles on the left arm of chromosome 3 are largely recessive, allowing us to search for the relevant regions using D. melanogaster deficiencies. At least four nonoverlapping regions of this arm have large effects on the hydrocarbon profile, implying that several genes on this arm are responsible for the species difference. Because the right arm of chromosome 3 also affects the hydrocarbon profile, a minimum of five genes appear to be involved. The large effect of the third chromosome on hydrocarbons has also been reported in the hybridization between D. simulans and its closer relative D. sechellia, implying either an evolutionaly convergence or the retention in D. sechllia of an ancestral sexual dimorphism.

Animal Sanctuaries

Anthropology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Small Body ◽  
Species Difference ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Animal Protection ◽  
Ecological Relationships ◽  
Rehabilitation Centers ◽  
Specific Species

Animal sanctuaries are human-created spaces for the protection and care of animals rescued from conditions of violence, exploitation, neglect, or abuse by other humans. The contemporary institution of the animal sanctuary originated with the first sanctuaries established in the United States by animal protection activists in the early 1980s. Since then, activists have established hundreds more throughout the world. Individual sanctuaries typically focus their efforts on specific kinds of animals corresponding to the ways in which they are used or commodified by humans, such as farmed animals, companion animals, or wild animals used in entertainment and biomedical research, although others may focus on a specific species of animal, such as chimpanzees, horses, wolves, or elephants. Animal sanctuaries are a novel subject of ethnographic inquiry in anthropology and related social sciences, so “sanctuary studies” is currently a nascent but growing topical area of research. Despite the relatively small body of literature focused on animal sanctuaries, anthropologists and other social scientists investigating sanctuaries and related endeavors, such as wildlife rehabilitation centers, have already provided valuable insights into why and how humans have chosen to care for rescued or endangered animals and the new kinds of institutions and political ecological relationships that are generated by these practices, highlighting the varied and, at times, conflicting ideas about care, ethics, value, species difference, and animal subjectivity and agency that inform sanctuary work. This pioneering literature forms a rich foundation for future research.

Soft Animal Heart

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 24-28
Author(s):  
Lauren A. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Species Difference ◽  
Full Spectrum ◽  
Nonhuman Animals ◽  
Familial Bonds ◽  
History Of

What does it mean to create familial bonds between humans and animals? Do love, mourning, and empathy matter less if they are directed toward nonhuman animals? This narrative-driven essay explores the nuances of loss during a widely precarious year, and the ways families are created and dissolved through mourning, while also addressing the socially fraught history of the “witchy cat lady.” The author, a full-spectrum doula who had previously specialized in stillbirth support, argues that empathy may offer a heightened version of itself when it demands communicating across a species difference.

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