scholarly journals Haemorrhage of gross domestic product from disability-adjusted-life-years among 15-59 year olds in Kenya

10.3823/2561 ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joses Muthuri Kirigia ◽  
Germano Mwiga Mwabu
Keyword(s):  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽  
Total Health Expenditure ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Per Capita

Background: This article estimates non-health gross domestic product (GDP) losses associated with Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY) lost among 15-59 year olds (most productive age bracket) in Kenya in 2015. Methods: This study employs the lost output or human capital approach (HCA) to convert the DALYs lost from all causes into their monetary equivalents. The magnitude economic haemorrhage from each disease was obtained by multiplying the per capita non-health GDP in International Dollars by the total number of DALYs lost in a specific age group (15-29 years, 30-49 years, 50-59 years). Per capita non-health GDP equals per capita GDP minus total health expenditure in 2015. Data on DALYs and per capita total health expenditure were obtained from the World Health Organization and per capita GDP data was from IMF databases. Results: Kenya lost 9,405,184 DALYs among 15-59 years olds in 2015. That DALY loss caused a haemorrhage in GDP of Int$ 29,788,392,419. Approximately 48.6% of the GDP haemorrhage resulted from communicable diseases and nutritional conditions, 37.4% from non-communicable diseases, and 14.0% from injuries. Conclusion: There is need to augment domestic and external investments into national health systems and other systems that meet basic needs (education, food, water, sanitation, shelter) to reduce disease burden. Key words: Non-health GDP, economic haemorrhage, disability-adjusted life year (DALY)

scholarly journals The Indirect Cost of Disability Adjusted Life Years Lost among the Elderly in Kenya

10.3823/2483 ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joses Muthuri Kirigia ◽  
Gitonga N Mburugu ◽  
Guyo Sarr Huka
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Cost ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽  
Total Health Expenditure ◽  
Productivity Losses ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Per Capita

Background: As Kenya accelerates the momentum to attain the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 3 on health and 13 on combatting impacts of climate change, it is critically important not to overlook their impacts on the elderly, i.e. people aged 60 years and above (elderly). The objective of this study was to estimate the indirect cost (productivity losses) of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost among the elderly in Kenya in 2015.Methods: The indirect cost associated with jth disease (or health condition) DALYs lost among the elderly is the product of the per capita non-health GDP in purchasing power parity (PPP) and the total jth disease (or health condition) DALYs lost in a specific age group. Per capita non-health GDP equals Kenya’s per capita GDP minus total health expenditure in 2015. The study covers all the diseases and health conditions reported in WHO Global Health Observatory (GHO). The data on DALYs and per capita total health expenditure were obtained from WHO GHO; while per capita GDP data was from IMF World Economic Outlook database.Results: About 2,238,004 DALYs were lost among the elderly in 2015. That health loss resulted into a total indirect cost of Int$ 7,088,274,986; which was evenly distributed among males and females. Approximately, 64.1% of the indirect cost resulted from non-communicable diseases, 29.3% from communicable and nutritional conditions, and 12.2% from injuries. If Kenya is able to fully achieve SDG targets 3.1 on maternal mortality, 3.3 on communicable diseases, 3.4 on NCDs and 3.6 on road traffic accidents by 2030, that would lead to a reduction of 625,238.21 DALYs (38.4%) lost among the elderly, which is equivalent to a saving of Int$ 1,986,641,742 (44.9%) in indirect costs (productivity losses).Conclusions: Kenya incurs every year substantive productivity losses due to morbidity and premature mortality among the elderly. Therefore, there is need for increased government, private sector and partner investments into health and wellbeing of the elderly to prolong their intrinsic and functional capacities.Key words: Elderly, indirect cost, productivity loss, disability-adjusted life year (DALY)

scholarly journals Burden of Stroke in Europe

Stroke ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (8) ◽  
pp. 2418-2427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hatem A. Wafa ◽  
Charles D.A. Wolfe ◽  
Eva Emmett ◽  
Gregory A. Roth ◽  
Catherine O. Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Percentage Change ◽  
Annual Percentage Change ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Life Years Lost ◽  
Per Capita

Background and purpose: Prediction of stroke impact provides essential information for healthcare planning and priority setting. We aim to estimate 30-year projections of stroke epidemiology in the European Union using multiple modeling approaches. Methods: Data on stroke incidence, prevalence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life years in the European Union between 1990 and 2017 were obtained from the global burden of disease study. Their trends over time were modeled using 3 modeling strategies: linear, Poisson, and exponential regressions―adjusted for the gross domestic product per capita, which reflects the impact of economic development on health status. We used the Akaike information criterion for model selection. The 30-year projections up to 2047 were estimated using the best fitting models, with inputs on population projections from the United Nations and gross domestic product per capita prospects from the World Bank. The technique was applied separately by age-sex-country groups for each stroke measure. Results: In 2017, there were 1.12 million incident strokes in the European Union, 9.53 million stroke survivors, 0.46 million deaths, and 7.06 million disability-adjusted life years lost because of stroke. By 2047, we estimated an additional 40 000 incident strokes (+3%) and 2.58 million prevalent cases (+27%). Conversely, 80 000 fewer deaths (–17%) and 2.31 million fewer disability-adjusted life years lost (–33%) are projected. The largest increase in the age-adjusted incidence and prevalence rates are expected in Lithuania (average annual percentage change, 0.48% and 0.7% respectively), and the greatest reductions in Portugal (–1.57% and –1.3%). Average annual percentage change in mortality rates will range from −2.86% (Estonia) to −0.08% (Lithuania), and disability-adjusted life years’ from −2.77% (Estonia) to −0.23% (Romania). Conclusions: The number of people living with stroke is estimated to increase by 27% between 2017 and 2047 in the European Union, mainly because of population ageing and improved survival rates. Variations are expected to persist between countries showing opportunities for improvements in prevention and case management particularly in Eastern Europe.

scholarly journals Monetary value of disability-adjusted-life-years lost from all causes in Mauritius

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent MUSANGO ◽  
Ajoy Nundoochan ◽  
Philippe Van Wilder ◽  
Joses Muthuri Kirigia
Keyword(s):  
National Health ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
National Health System ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽  
Monetary Value ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Disease Study

Abstract Background The Republic of Mauritius lost a total of 402,565 disability-adjusted-life-years (DALY) from all causes in 2017. The objectives of this study were (a) to estimate the monetary value of DALY lost in 2017, and projected to be lost from all causes in Mauritius in 2030; and (b) to estimate the monetary value of DALY savings in year 2030, if the country would attain the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3 (SDG3) targets 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4 and 3.6.Methods Human capital approach is used to monetarily value DALY lost from 293 causes in 2017. The monetary value of DALY lost in 2017 from each cause is equal to the Mauritius net gross domestic product (GDP) per capita multiplied by the number of DALY lost from a specific cause. The percentage reductions implied in the five SDG3 targets were used in the projections of the monetary values of DALY expected in 2030. The potential savings equals monetary value of DALY lost in 2017 minus monetary value of DALY expected in 2030. The DALY data was obtained from the Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 database; the current health expenditure per capita data was from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database; and the per capita GDP data was obtained from the IMF outlook database.Results The DALY lost in 2017 had a total monetary value of Int$9,564,741,771. Of which, 82.9% resulted from non-communicable diseases; 10.2% from communicable, maternal, neonatal and nutritional diseases; and 6.9% from injuries. Full attainment of the five SDG 3 targets would avert DALY losses with a value of Int$2,986,241,156.Conclusions Diseases and injuries causes a significant DALY lost per year with a substantive monetary value. Full achievement of the SDG3 targets 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4 and 3.6 might potentially save the country about 9.351% of the total GDP of Mauritius in 2019. In order to achieve such savings, the country require to further strengthen the national health system, the other systems that tackle social determinants of health, and the national health research system.

scholarly journals Mortality, morbidity and economic growth

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. e0251424
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Rocco ◽  
Elena Fumagalli ◽  
Andrew J. Mirelman ◽  
Marc Suhrcke
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽  
Recent Period ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Point Estimates ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Per Capita

The question of whether and how changes to population health impact on economic growth has been actively studied in the literature, albeit with mixed results. We contribute to this debate by reassessing–and extending–[1], one of the most influential studies. We include a larger set of countries (135) and cover a more recent period (1990–2014). We also account for morbidity in addition to mortality and adopt the strategy of providing bounding sets for the effects of interest rather than point estimates. We find that reducing mortality and disability adjusted life years (DALYs), a measure which combines morbidity and mortality, promotes per capita GDP growth. The magnitude of the effect is moderate, but non negligible, and it is similar for mortality and DALYs.

scholarly journals An Association of Total Health Expenditure with GDP and Life Expectancy

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. AU7-AU12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sojib Bin Zaman ◽  
Naznin Hossain ◽  
Varshil Mehta ◽  
Shuchita Sharmin ◽  
Shakeel Ahmed Ibne Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Health Spending ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Fiscal Year ◽  
Total Health Expenditure ◽  
Registration System ◽  
Individual Level

Introduction: Gradual  total health expenditure (THE) has become a major concern. It is not only the increased THE, but also its unequal growth in  overall economy, found among the developing countries. If increased life expectancy is considered as a leverage for an individual’s investment in health services, it can be  expected that as the life expectancy increases, tendency of health care investment will also experience a boost up. Objective: The aim of the present study was to explore and identify the association of healthcare expenditure with the life expectancy and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in developing countries, especially that of Bangladesh. Methodology: Data were retrospectively collected from “Health Bulletin 2011” and “Sample Vital Registration System 2010” of Bangladesh considering the fiscal year 1996 to fiscal year 2006. Using STATA, multivariable logistic regression was performed to find out the association of total health expenditure with GDP and life expectancy. Results: A direct relationship between GDP and total health expenditure was found through analysing the data. At the individual level, income  had a direct influence on health spending. However, there was no significant relationship between total health expenditure with increased life expectancy. Conclusion: The present study did not find any association between life expectancy and total health expenditure. However, our analysis found out that total health expenditure is more sensitive to gross domestic product rather than life expectancy.

scholarly journals Correlation between PCR Examination Rate among the Population and the Containment of Pandemic of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiro Sonoo ◽  
Masashi Idogawa ◽  
Takamichi Kanbayashi ◽  
Takayoshi Shimohata ◽  
Hideyuki Hayashi
Keyword(s):  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Moderate Correlation ◽  
Close Inspection ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
The Social ◽  
Strict Compliance ◽  
Per Capita

We investigated the relation between PCR examination rate among population and the success of containment of COVID-19 for each country. Although there was moderate correlation, multiple regression revealed that the success of containment was solely explained by Gross Domestic Product per capita (GDP), which may well be related to the strict compliance to social distancing. Close inspection of individual countries supported this hypothesis. The social distancing must be the largest factor to achieve containment, and the contribution of broad PCR tests is small.

scholarly journals Comparing the direct human impact of natural disasters for two cases in 2011: The Christchurch earthquake and the Bangkok flood

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilan Noy
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
World Health ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽  
Catastrophic Events ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Burden Of Diseases

The standard way in which disaster damages are measured involves examining separately the number of fatalities, of injuries, of people otherwise affected, and the financial damage that natural disasters cause. Here, we implement a novel way to aggregate these separate measures of disaster impact and apply it to two catastrophic events from 2011: the Christchurch (New Zealand) earthquakes and the Greater Bangkok (Thailand) flood. This new measure, which is similar to the World Health Organization's calculation of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) lost due to the burden of diseases and injuries, is described in detail in Noy [7]. It allows us to conclude that New Zealand lost 180 thousand lifeyears as a result of the 2011 events, and Thailand lost 2644 thousand lifeyears. In per capita terms, the loss is similar, with both countries losing about 15 days per person due to the 2011 catastrophic events in these two countries. © This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

scholarly journals Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Mesh Repair for Inguinal Hernia During a Humanitarian Surgical Mission in Rural Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 2-8
Author(s):  
Florian Oehme ◽  
Frank J. P. Beeres ◽  
Lana Fourie ◽  
Eze Tobias Okwudili ◽  
Peter Nussbaumer
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Societal Perspective ◽  
Mesh Repair ◽  
Patient Perspective ◽  
Rural Setting ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Per Capita

Background: Humanitarian short-term surgery missions remain under debate, even though the proportion of the burden of surgical diseases around the world that could be treated based on surgery is constantly rising. The primary objective of this study was to prove the cost-effectiveness (CE) of a hernia repair–teaching mission in the rural setting of Nigeria. Methods: We present a CE analysis (CEA) of a 2-week surgery mission performing inguinal hernias with mesh repair according to the Lichtenstein maneuver. All data were collected prospectively. The contribution to the local health system was measured based on the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Further on, the CEA was analyzed and separated for surgeons from Nigeria and Europe, respectively. Results: During this mission a total of 107 patients with 123 hernias were treated. An average of 6,61 DALYs per patient were averted. The total costs for the mission team amounted to $8485.26, with a total of $19,210.73 from a societal perspective. Single-procedure costs amounted to $198.87 per patient, with $39.35 per procedure from a patient perspective. The CEA showed $31.04/DALY averted from a societal perspective, $13.71/DALY averted from a provider perspective, and $6.81/DALY averted from a patient perspective. This was well below the threshold of $2790 (gross domestic product per capita). Sensitivity analysis showed robust results. Conclusion: With these results we proved CE and remained about 90 times below the threshold of the gross domestic product per capita.

scholarly journals The estimated disease burden of acute COVID-19 in the Netherlands in 2020, in disability-adjusted life-years

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott A. McDonald ◽  
Giske R. Lagerweij ◽  
Pieter de Boer ◽  
Hester E. de Melker ◽  
Roan Pijnacker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Years Of Life Lost ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽  
Health Burden ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Per Capita

Abstract Background. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on population health is recognised as being substantial, yet few studies have attempted to quantify to what extent infection causes mild or moderate symptoms only, requires hospital and/or intensive care unit (ICU) admission, results in prolonged and chronic illness, or leads to premature death. Our objectives were to quantify the total disease burden of acute COVID-19 in the Netherlands in 2020 using the disability-adjusted life-years (DALY) measure, and to investigate how disease burden varies between age-groups and occupation categories.Methods. Using standard methods and diverse data sources (registered COVID-19 deaths, hospital and ICU admissions, population-level seroprevalence, mandatory notifications, and the literature) , we estimated the total years of life lost (YLL), years lived with disability (YLD), DALY and DALY per 100,000 population due to COVID-19, excluding its post-acute sequelae, and additionally stratified by 5-year age-group and occupation.Results. The total disease burden in the Netherlands in 2020 due to acute COVID-19 was 273,500 (95% CI: 268,500–278,800) DALY, and the per-capita burden was 1570 (95% CI: 1540–1600) DALY/100,000, of which 99.4% consisted of YLL. The per-capita burden increased steeply with age, starting from the 60-64 years age-group. The per-capita burden by occupation category was highest for healthcare workers and lowest for the catering sector.Conclusions. SARS-CoV-2 infection and associated premature mortality was responsible for a considerable direct health burden in the Netherlands, despite extensive public health measures. Total DALY were much higher than for other high-burden infectious diseases, but lower than the estimated annual burden from coronary heart disease. These findings are valuable for informing public health decision-makers regarding the expected health burden due to COVID-19 among subgroups of the population, and the possible gains from targeted preventative interventions.

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