scholarly journals Alexithymia and Empathy in a Non-Clinical Population: How do they Correlate?

The Physician ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Nandini Chakraborty ◽  
Harry Mehmet ◽  
Traolach Brugha
Keyword(s):  
General Health Questionnaire ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Cognitive Empathy ◽  
Clinical Population ◽  
Future Research ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Empathy Scale ◽  
Basic Empathy Scale

Alexithymia and empathy are functional concepts surrounding human emotions.This study aimed to estimate the association between alexithymia and empathy within a neurotypical population. The study was a cross sectional survey conducted within a non-clinical population of medical students  at a University in England using voluntary sampling to  complete the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS), Basic Empathy Scale (BES), General Health Questionnaire- 12.   Alexithymia and empathy scores did not show a statistically significant correlation. There was a statistically significant negative correlation between total alexithymia and cognitive empathy scores (correlation co-efficient was -0.184, p value was 0.013). Men and women differed significantly on empathy scores with women showing significantly higher empathy. The relationship between the understanding of one’s own emotions and the interpretation of others’ emotions are different functions with a more complex interaction than a simple linear correlation. Future research should focus on further exploring the differences between cognitive and affective empathy.  

scholarly journals Reference values regarding measure of Basic Empathy Scale in forensic adolescents

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreia Alexandra Cunha Azeredo ◽  
Patricia Figueiredo ◽  
Eduarda Ramião ◽  
Diana Moreira ◽  
Ricardo Barroso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Antisocial Behavior ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Cognitive Empathy ◽  
Altruistic Behavior ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Affective Empathy ◽  
Research With Children ◽  
Empathy Scale ◽  
Basic Empathy Scale

Empathy has revealed a fundamental role in fostering prosocial and altruistic behavior. Conversely, empathic dysfunction has been associated with antisocial behavior (ASB). The Basic Empathy Scale (BES) has been the most used instrument to measure empathy in studies with children and adolescents in forensic settings. Thus, we conducted a systematic review in order to establish reference values for BES in children and adolescents with conduct disorder/antisocial behavior (CD/ASB) and typical controls. Studies related to the topic were obtained from multiple databases (e.g., EBSCO, PubMed, Web of Science), through rigorous exclusion and inclusion criteria. Only papers with empirical and quantitative methodologies from scientific and academic publications were included. A total of 311 studies were identified through database searches and 15 articles were retained for this review. The findings reveal lower empathy scores in children and adolescents with CD/AB (pooled mean for the total scale = 52.32; mean for cognitive empathy = 30.86; pooled mean for affective empathy = 28.83) than controls (pooled mean for the total scale = 67.20; pooled mean for cognitive empathy = 34.04; pooled mean for affective empathy = 32.30). This review provides reference values that can be useful for the application of the BES and the interpretation of its results, both in clinical practice and in future research with children and adolescents.

scholarly journals Psychological Impacts Among Yemeni Healthcare Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic: an Electronic-based, Cross-sectional Analytical Survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gamil Ghaleb Alrubaiee ◽  
Farouk Abdulrahman Al-Qadasi ◽  
Talal Ali Hussein Al-Qalah ◽  
Jennifer Ann Cole ◽  
Yaser abdullah Ghaleb Alburiahy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Internal Conflict ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Anxiety Depression

Abstract Background: Yemeni HCWs face higher levels of psychological stress than others in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic due to the country's war and internal conflict. The current study investigates the levels of stress, anxiety, insomnia, depression, and well-being among Yemeni HCWs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A web-based, cross-sectional survey was used among 1,248 Yemeni HCWs. An electronic self-reported questionnaire was used to collect data. The URL link was distributed to the HCWs via social media and emails. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM SPSS), version 24.0 was used in managing and analyzing the data collected. T-test and one-way ANOVA were used to compare the participants’ data and independent variables. Spearman’s correlation coefficients were used to determine the relationship between study variables. A p-value of < 0.05 with a 95% confidence interval was considered statistically significant. The survey was conducted between 6 November 2020, 11 PM to 3 April 2021, 11 PM.Results: The results indicated that 73.0, 57.3, 49.8, 53.2, and 85.2% of all HCWs reported symptoms of moderate or severe stress, insomnia, anxiety, depression, and worse quality of life, respectively. Out of ten independent variables, five were statistically significant (years of experience, working hours per day, marital status, age, and working days per week) (p < 0.05). The results further showed significant positive correlations between stress and scores of anxiety, insomnia, and depression and also between anxiety and insomnia and depression and between insomnia and depression. There was significant negative correlation between wellbeing scores and scores of stress, anxiety, insomnia, and depression.Conclusion: Yemeni HCWs experience considerable levels of stress, anxiety, depression, insomnia, and poor quality of life. Psychological support to build resilience to the prevailing conditions may need to be embedded into medical school training and continuing professional development to help retain HCWs within Yemen, as amongst the respondents where was a high percentage of HCWs under 40 years of age (85.8%) and with less than 10 years’ experience (72.7%), a consequence of many more experienced medics leaving Yemen for safer and more secure jobs elsewhere.

e-Learning: Practices Among Undergraduates of a Medical College of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Background Information ◽  
P Value ◽  
Undergraduate Medical Students ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Learning Practices ◽  
E Learning

Background: Information technology (IT) is a new way of teaching and learning. One of the promising media of information technology is e-Learning, which is used to enhance knowledge and skills among users. A student gains better and deep knowledge through a useful tool. This survey aimed to determine practices among medical students for e-Learning. Methods: This cross-sectional survey was conducted on 184 students amongst the 500 students currently enrolled in medical college. Data was collected using questionnaires and were analyzed through SPSS version 22. Chi-square was used for qualitative values. Results: Majority 90.80% (n=167) students were aware of e-Learning and were statistically high in first year students (p-value: 0.018). The student did not show statistically significant results for content learned through e-Learning with a p-value of 0.063. Different resources were used for e-Learning in which videos had the highest percentage (87.60%) and audios were used as the least resource for e-Learning (29.20%). Daily, 56% of the students use e-Learning for 1 hour or less and only 3% of the students used it for more than 4 hours. Conclusion: Majority of undergraduate medical students were aware of the use of e-Learning and most of them preferred e-Learning for their course work and studies showing a significant increase in understanding and use, compared to studies conducted earlier. Participants found e-Learning useful and effective tool in increasing knowledge and understanding of their subject. Keywords: e-Learning; Practices; Students.

Cervical Cancer: Assessment of Its Knowledge, Utilization of Services and Its Determinant Among Female Undergraduate Students in a Low Resource Setting

2021 ◽  
pp. 0272684X2110066
Author(s):  
Chidebe Christian Anikwe ◽  
Philip Chidubem Osuagwu ◽  
Cyril Chijioke Ikeoha ◽  
Okechukwu B Ikechukwu Dimejesi ◽  
Bartholomew Chukwunonye Okorochukwu
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Resource Setting ◽  
Study Population

Background Cervical cancer is a preventable disease that contributes significantly to the death of women. This study is aimed at determining the level of knowledge and utilization of cervical cancer screening and its determinants among female undergraduates of Ebonyi State University. Methods A structured questionnaire was used for a cross-sectional survey of the study population between January 1 and March 3, 2018. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 20. Data were represented with frequency table, simple percentage, mode, range, Chi square and pie chart. The level of significance is at P-value < 0.05. Results Majority (74.8%) of the respondents were aware of cervical cancer and it could be prevented (70.8%). More than three-fifths (68.30%) were informed via health workers, and 86.8% were aware that post-coital vaginal bleeding is a symptom. Less than half (49.8%) knew that HPV is the primary cause, and only 32.9% were aware of the HPV vaccine. One-quarter of the respondent were aware that early coitarche is a risk factor for cervical cancer. Only 41.8% of the women were aware of Pap smear, 9.2% had undergone screening, and 97.6% were willing to be screened. Marital status was the significant determinant of being screened while class level did not significantly influence uptake of cervical cancer screening. The most common reason (20.6%) for not being screened was lack of awareness of the test. Conclusion Our study population had a good knowledge of cervical cancer, but utilization of cervical cancer screening was poor. Awareness creation through the mass media and provision of affordable screening services can promote the use of cervical cancer screening in the study area.

scholarly journals Engagement with daily testing instead of self-isolating in contacts of confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex F. Martin ◽  
Sarah Denford ◽  
Nicola Love ◽  
Derren Ready ◽  
Isabel Oliver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Service Evaluation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Negative Test ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Close Contacts

Abstract Background In December 2020, Public Health England with NHS Test and Trace initiated a pilot study in which close contacts of people with confirmed COVID-19 were given the option to carryout lateral flow device antigen tests at home, as an alternative to self-isolation for 10–14 days. In this study, we evaluated engagement with daily testing, and assessed levels of adherence to the rules relating to behaviour following positive or negative test results. Methods We conducted a service evaluation of the pilot study, examining survey responses from a subset of those who responded to an evaluation questionnaire. We used an online cross-sectional survey offered to adult contacts of confirmed COVID-19 cases who consented to daily testing. We used a comparison group of contacts who were not offered testing and instead self-isolated. Results Acceptability of daily testing was lower among survey respondents who were not offered the option of testing and among people from ethnic minority groups. Overall, 52% of respondents reported being more likely to share details of people that they had been in contact with following a positive test result, if they knew that their contacts would be offered the option of daily testing. Only 2% reported that they would be less likely to provide details of their contacts. On the days that they were trying to self-isolate, 19% of participants reported that they left the house, with no significant group differences. Following a negative test, 13% of respondents reported that they increased their contacts, but most (58%) reported having fewer risky contacts. Conclusions Our data suggest that daily testing is potentially acceptable, may facilitate sharing contact details of close contacts among those who test positive for COVID-19, and promote adherence to self-isolation. A better understanding is needed of how to make this option more acceptable for all households. The impact of receiving a negative test on behaviour remains a risk that needs to be monitored and mitigated by appropriate messaging. Future research should examine attitudes and behaviour in a context where infection levels are lower, testing is more familiar, and restrictions on activity have been reduced.

scholarly journals Acute food insecurity and short-term coping strategies of urban and rural households of Bangladesh during the lockdown period of COVID-19 pandemic of 2020: report of a cross-sectional survey

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. e043365
Author(s):  
Subhasish Das ◽  
Md. Golam Rasul ◽  
Md Shabab Hossain ◽  
Ar-Rafi Khan ◽  
Md Ashraful Alam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Food Insecure Households

IntroductionWe conducted a cross-sectional survey to assess the extent and to identify the determinants of food insecurity and coping strategies in urban and rural households of Bangladesh during the month-long, COVID-19 lockdown period.SettingSelected urban and rural areas of Bangladesh.Participants106 urban and 106 rural households.Outcome variables and methodHousehold food insecurity status and the types of coping strategies were the outcome variables for the analyses. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were done to identify the determinants.ResultsWe found that around 90% of the households were suffering from different grades of food insecurity. Severe food insecurity was higher in urban (42%) than rural (15%) households. The rural households with mild/moderate food insecurity adopted either financial (27%) or both financial and food compromised (32%) coping strategies, but 61% of urban mild/moderate food insecure households applied both forms of coping strategies. Similarly, nearly 90% of severely food insecure households implemented both types of coping strategies. Living in poorest households was significantly associated (p value <0.05) with mild/moderate (regression coefficient, β: 15.13, 95% CI 14.43 to 15.82), and severe food insecurity (β: 16.28, 95% CI 15.58 to 16.97). The statistically significant (p <0.05) determinants of both food compromised and financial coping strategies were living in urban areas (β: 1.8, 95% CI 0.44 to 3.09), living in poorest (β: 2.7, 95% CI 1 to 4.45), poorer (β: 2.6, 95% CI 0.75 to 4.4) and even in the richer (β: 1.6, 95% CI 0.2 to 2.9) households and age of the respondent (β: 0.1, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.21).ConclusionBoth urban and rural households suffered from moderate to severe food insecurity during the month-long lockdown period in Bangladesh. But, poorest, poorer and even the richer households adopted different coping strategies that might result in long-term economic and nutritional consequences.

scholarly journals Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Related to Malaria Diagnosis among Healthcare Workers in Hospitals: A Cross-Sectional Survey

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Kwuntida Uthaisar Kotepui ◽  
Manas Kotepui ◽  
Chuchard Punsawad
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Malaria Diagnosis ◽  
Medical Emergency ◽  
Medical Laboratory ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Attitude And Practice ◽  
Knowledge Attitude And Practice

Malaria is a potential medical emergency and should be treated immediately because delays in diagnosis and treatment are the leading causes of death in many countries. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice related to malaria diagnosis for early detection among healthcare workers in the laboratories of hospitals in Thailand. The design of the study was a descriptive cross-sectional study carried out between January 2016 and March 2017 at 11 hospitals in Thailand. The interviewees included any scientists who were currently working in a medical laboratory. Mean scores for knowledge, attitude, and practice for each healthcare group were calculated and compared between groups. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS version 11.5 software package (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Among a total of 118 healthcare workers, most of the healthcare workers had fair to good knowledge, attitude, and practice related to malaria detection. Among the various positions of healthcare workers, medical technologists possessed a greater knowledge on malaria detection than medical technician assistants or laboratory assistants (X2 = 9.822, d.f. = 2, and P value=0.007). This study infers that knowledge, attitude, and practice related to malaria detection among healthcare workers in laboratories were adequate. However, some points of knowledge and practice must be updated. There is a very urgent need to update knowledge on malaria, especially about the number of Plasmodium species causing relapse in malaria patients. In addition, there is an urgent need to update the practice related to malaria detection, especially about the staining process for early detection of malaria.

An Artificial Intelligence Tool for Image Simulation in Rhinoplasty

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hernan Chinsk ◽  
Ricardo Lerch ◽  
Damián Tournour ◽  
Luis Chinski ◽  
Diego Caruso
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Simulated Image ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Partial Agreement ◽  
Aesthetic Rhinoplasty ◽  
Level Of Agreement

AbstractDuring rhinoplasty consultations, surgeons typically create a computer simulation of the expected result. An artificial intelligence model (AIM) can learn a surgeon's style and criteria and generate the simulation automatically. The objective of this study is to determine if an AIM is capable of imitating a surgeon's criteria to generate simulated images of an aesthetic rhinoplasty surgery. This is a cross-sectional survey study of resident and specialist doctors in otolaryngology conducted in the month of November 2019 during a rhinoplasty conference. Sequential images of rhinoplasty simulations created by a surgeon and by an AIM were shown at random. Participants used a seven-point Likert scale to evaluate their level of agreement with the simulation images they were shown, with 1 indicating total disagreement and 7 total agreement. Ninety-seven of 122 doctors agreed to participate in the survey. The median level of agreement between the participant and the surgeon was 6 (interquartile range or IQR 5–7); between the participant and the AIM it was 5 (IQR 4–6), p-value < 0.0001. The evaluators were in total or partial agreement with the results of the AIM's simulation 68.4% of the time (95% confidence interval or CI 64.9–71.7). They were in total or partial agreement with the surgeon's simulation 77.3% of the time (95% CI 74.2–80.3). An AIM can emulate a surgeon's aesthetic criteria to generate a computer-simulated image of rhinoplasty. This can allow patients to have a realistic approximation of the possible results of a rhinoplasty ahead of an in-person consultation. The level of evidence of the study is 4.

To Determine the Degree of Agreement between Ki67 and Histopathology to Differentiate between Hydatidiform Mole

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 2619-2621
Author(s):  
Mariya Manzoor ◽  
Haseeb Ahmed Khan ◽  
Sabiha Riaz ◽  
Imrana Tanvir ◽  
Atiya Batool Gardezi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydatidiform Mole ◽  
P Value ◽  
Kappa Statistics ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Ki 67 ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Histopathologic Diagnosis ◽  
Hematoxylin And Eosin ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Gross Examination

Aim: To determine the degree of agreement between Ki67 and histopathology to differentiate between hydatidiform mole and hydropic abortus. Methods: Descriptive, Cross Sectional Survey was conducted in the Department of Pathology, Fatima Memorial Hospital, Lahore during 6 months (May 11, 2016 to Nov 11, 2016). Using non-probability consecutive sampling, 105 cases were included in this study as per the inclusion and exclusion criteria. 10% buffered formalin was used to fix the sepecimens. Gross examination and staining with Hematoxylin and Eosin was done. The cases were diagnosed by a histopathologist. IHC staining Ki67 was performed, assessed by histopathologist and the data was recorded on the proforma. Results: The mean age was 27.79±5.81 years with minimum and maximum ages of 18 years and 42 years respectively. The histopathological findings showed hydatidiform mole in 41 (39%) women and hydropic abortus in 64(61%) women. The Ki67 was reported to be >25 in 41(39%) patients and less than or equal to 25 in 64(61%) patients. The agreement of differentiation in the two types for histopathology and Ki67 was found in 101(96.2%) patients. Kappa statistics showed 92% (p-value= 0.000) strength of agreement between histopathology and Ki67. Conclusion: There is high degree of agreement between Ki67 and histopathology for differentiation of hydatidiform mole and hydropic abortus. So Ki67 can be used as an adjacent in histopathologic diagnosis of hydatidiform mole in difficult cases. MeSh words: Hydatidiform Mole, Immunohistochemistry, Ki-67 Antigen

scholarly journals Perceptions of Shared Leadership within Academic Libraries Suggest Room for Improvement

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
Genevieve C. Gore
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Academic Libraries ◽  
Shared Leadership ◽  
Middle Managers ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Third ◽  
Level Of Agreement

Objective – To survey middle managers’ beliefs regarding their participation in shared leadership and their libraries’ practices of shared leadership. Design – Cross-sectional survey. Setting – Twenty-two academic libraries within four-year public master’s level institutions in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Subjects – A total of 115 middle managers were invited to participate; 77 completed the survey for a response rate of 66.9%. Methods – Selected middle managers were contacted by email a total of five times and were invited to complete a Web-based survey composed of three sections. The first section contained 10 statements for rating shared leadership within their own institutions, which they were asked to rate on an eight-point Likert scale from 1 (strongly agree) to 7 (strongly disagree), with 8 as an option for no opinion. The second section used the same scale to rate their levels of agreement with conceptual definitions of shared leadership from Jackson’s Framework. Jackson’s Framework consists of four components for ascertaining levels of shared leadership from both managerial and staff perspectives: accountability, equity, partnership and ownership. The third section invited subjects to provide their own definition of shared leadership. A three-part pretest served to validate the survey instrument. Mean scores were calculated for each statement. Main Results – In the first section, there was the highest overall level of agreement (1.52) with the statement “I am accountable for the decisions within the scope of my responsibility” followed by “I share information with the senior library administration” (1.71). There was the lowest overall level of agreement (3.65) with the statement that “Ideas presented at all levels of staff in the library are equally considered.” In the second section, respondents’ mean scores for Jackson’s definitions of four concepts of shared leadership were 2.62 for ownership, 2.68 for both partnership and equity, and 2.77 for accountability. In the third section, respondents most often linked their definitions of shared leadership with communication, learning and collaboration. Conclusion – Examining middle managers’ perceptions of shared leadership may help us understand organizational trends and capacity for leadership within libraries. Future research could examine shared leadership at levels below middle management as well as the relationship between accountability and shared leadership throughout the organization.

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