scholarly journals A Review of Wood Modification Globally – Updated Findings from COST FP1407

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Jones ◽  
Dick Sandberg
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Thermal Modification ◽  
The Other ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Wood Modification ◽  
Wood Protection ◽  
Extensive Evaluation ◽  
Online Sources ◽  
Modified Wood

Wood modification (chemical, thermal, impregnation) represents an assortment of innovative processes continually being adopted in the wood protection sector. COST Action FP1407 “Understanding wood modification through an integrated scientific and environmental impact approach — ModWoodLife” was initiated in 2015, with its 4-year programme aiming to investigate modification processing and products design with emphasis on their environmental impacts. Among the final tasks within COST FP1407 was to re-evaluate the current status of wood modification across the member countries. However, it became clear that activities in other European countries needed to be addressed, and as a result, a more extensive evaluation of wood modification processes across Europe was undertaken, as well as determining the activities globally. This paper outlines some of the recent updates in wood modification, along with summarising data collected by the authors from international colleagues and online sources, so providing an evaluation of the overall global position. These figures suggest that wood modification is undergoing a significant increase in production due to demand, with levels of recent growth seemingly suggesting this will continue for the coming years. Based on data gathered, the global commercial production of modified wood is dominated by thermal modification processes, which produce 1,110,000 m3/year. Among the other commercialised processes, acetylation accounts for 120,000 m3/year and furfurylation 45,000 m3/year. A further global production of around 330,000 m3/year is estimated for other processes, predominantly based on resin-based systems (e.g., Impreg- and Compreg-based processes).

Influence of Different Modifications on Bending Strength of Wood

2019 ◽  
Vol 800 ◽  
pp. 240-245
Author(s):  
Andis Antons ◽  
Dace Cīrule ◽  
Ingeborga Andersone ◽  
Anrijs Verovkins ◽  
Edgars Kuka
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Treatment ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Thermal Modification ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Bending Properties ◽  
Wood Protection ◽  
Thermally Modified Wood ◽  
Mild Temperature ◽  
Modified Wood

Despite intensive research in wood protection, no simple wood treatment method is available for satisfactory wood protection that could ensure appropriate strength and bio-resistance of wood products during their service life. The present study is a part of a project that is aimed to improve wood service properties by combining wood thermal treatment and impregnation with copper containing preservatives. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of conventional modifications (thermal modification at relatively mild temperature range (150 - 180°C) and impregnation) and double-treatments (impregnation after thermal treatment and vice versa) on the bending properties of birch (Betula spp.) and pine (Pinussylvestris L.) wood. Bending strength considerably decreased after thermal modification of wood, however MOE values generally did not significantly change. Moreover, impregnation had no effect on the bending properties for both unmodified and thermally modified wood specimens. For double-treatment in which impregnation was carried out before thermal modification no changes in bending strength were observed comparing to thermally modified wood. However, MOE values of these specimens were 10 % for birch and 19 % for pine smaller comparing to just thermally modified wood. The results of double-treatment tests imply that, regarding wood bending properties, wood impregnation after thermal modification is more appropriate.

scholarly journals Environmental Impact of Wood Modification

Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 366
Author(s):  
Callum Hill ◽  
Mark Hughes ◽  
Daniel Gudsell
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Flow Dynamics ◽  
Life Extension ◽  
Published Data ◽  
The Public ◽  
Wood Modification ◽  
Environmental Product Declarations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Modified Wood

The modification of wood involves extra processing over and above what is associated with un-modified material and this will involve an associated environmental impact. There is now a body of information on this due to the presence in the public domain of a number of environmental product declarations (EPDs). Using these data, it is possible to determine what the extra impact associated with the modification is. The process of modification results in a life extension of the product, which has implications regarding the storage of sequestered atmospheric carbon in the harvested wood products (HWP) materials’ pool and also extended maintenance cycles (e.g., longer periods between applying coatings). Furthermore, the life extension benefits imparted by wood modification need to be compared with the use of other technologies, such as conventional wood preservatives. This paper analysed the published data from a number of sources (peer-reviewed literature, published EPDs, databases) to compare the impacts associated with different modification technologies. The effect of life extension was examined by modelling the carbon flow dynamics of the HWP pool and determining the effect of different life extension scenarios. Finally, the paper examined the impact of different coating periods, and the extensions thereof, imparted by the use of different modified wood substrates.

Improving Performance of Thermal Modified Wood against Termites with Bicine and Tricine

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Jones ◽  
Lina Nunes ◽  
Sonia Duarte
Keyword(s):  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Considerable Increase ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Thermal Modification ◽  
Wood Modification ◽  
Termite Gut ◽  
Thermally Modified Wood ◽  
Modified Wood

The desire to incorporate wood in modern construction has led to a considerable increase in the use of wood modification techniques, and especially thermal modification. However, thermally modified wood has poor performance against termites. The concept of using a combined chemical and thermal modification has been undertaken through the impregnation with either bicine or tricine prior to modification. This paper considers the effects of these chemicals on the activity of termites and considers their mode of action in terms of termite survival and on their effects on the symbiotic protists present within the termite gut.

scholarly journals Flammability Characteristics of Thermally Modified Meranti Wood Treated with Natural and Synthetic Fire Retardants

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 2160
Author(s):  
Milan Gaff ◽  
Hana Čekovská ◽  
Jiří Bouček ◽  
Danica Kačíková ◽  
Ivan Kubovský ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Burning Rate ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Thermal Modification ◽  
Positive Contribution ◽  
Spearman Correlation ◽  
Chemical Changes ◽  
Combustion Properties ◽  
Flammability Characteristics ◽  
Thermally Modified Wood ◽  
Modified Wood

This paper deals with the effect of synthetic and natural flame retardants on flammability characteristics and chemical changes in thermally treated meranti wood (Shorea spp.). The basic chemical composition (extractives, lignin, holocellulose, cellulose, and hemicelluloses) was evaluated to clarify the relationships of temperature modifications (160 °C, 180 °C, and 210 °C) and incineration for 600 s. Weight loss, burning speed, the maximum burning rate, and the time to reach the maximum burning rate were evaluated. Relationships between flammable properties and chemical changes in thermally modified wood were evaluated with the Spearman correlation. The thermal modification did not confirm a positive contribution to the flammability and combustion properties of meranti wood. The effect of the synthetic retardant on all combustion properties was significantly higher compared to that of the natural retardant.

scholarly journals Review of Functional Treatments for Modified Wood

Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 327
Author(s):  
Morwenna J. Spear ◽  
Simon F. Curling ◽  
Athanasios Dimitriou ◽  
Graham A. Ormondroyd
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Responsive Materials ◽  
Wood Modification ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Natural Wood ◽  
Impregnation Modification ◽  
New Applications ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Dimensional Instability ◽  
Modified Wood

Wood modification is now widely recognized as offering enhanced properties of wood and overcoming issues such as dimensional instability and biodegradability which affect natural wood. Typical wood modification systems use chemical modification, impregnation modification or thermal modification, and these vary in the properties achieved. As control and understanding of the wood modification systems has progressed, further opportunities have arisen to add extra functionalities to the modified wood. These include UV stabilisation, fire retardancy, or enhanced suitability for paints and coatings. Thus, wood may become a multi-functional material through a series of modifications, treatments or reactions, to create a high-performance material with previously impossible properties. In this paper we review systems that combine the well-established wood modification procedures with secondary techniques or modifications to deliver emerging technologies with multi-functionality. The new applications targeted using this additional functionality are diverse and range from increased electrical conductivity, creation of sensors or responsive materials, improvement of wellbeing in the built environment, and enhanced fire and flame protection. We identified two parallel and connected themes: (1) the functionalisation of modified timber and (2) the modification of timber to provide (multi)-functionality. A wide range of nanotechnology concepts have been harnessed by this new generation of wood modifications and wood treatments. As this field is rapidly expanding, we also include within the review trends from current research in order to gauge the state of the art, and likely direction of travel of the industry.

Aboveground Field Performance of Douglas-Fir Heartwood Subjected to Combinations of Glycerol, Boron, and Thermal Modification

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-45
Author(s):  
Li Yan ◽  
Jed Cappallazzi ◽  
Jeffrey J. Morrell
Keyword(s):  
Field Performance ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Thermal Modification ◽  
Site Conditions ◽  
Consistent Effect ◽  
Wood Protection ◽  
Copper Azole ◽  
Better Than

Abstract The effect of pretreatment with either boron or glycerol followed by thermal modification on the durability of Douglas-fir heartwood was evaluated in an American Wood Protection Association ground proximity test in Hilo, Hawaii. Non–thermally modified samples were generally more heavily decayed than any of the modified woods, but there was no consistent effect of different thermal modification conditions on decay resistance. Thermally modified woods tended to perform better than untreated timbers but not as well as copper azole–treated Douglas-fir heartwood lumber in test at the same site. The results are discussed in relation to how the extreme site conditions might have made it difficult for thermally modified materials to perform.

The Challenge of Stern Tube Bearings and Seals

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Thornhill
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Environmental Legislation ◽  
Sustainable Solutions ◽  
Marine Propulsion

In recent times, there has been a change of emphasis from lowest first cost to sustainable solutions, with environmental impact being high on the agenda. Risk reduction is now also one of the main drivers and is linked closely to Environmental legislation. Trends are changing in marine propulsion equipment specification. This paper discusses the drivers, the solutions, current status and future predictions of these trends within the stern tube bearing and seal business.

Hygroscopic properties of thermally modified false Iroko [Antiaris toxicara (Lesch)]

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-57
Author(s):  
F.A. Faruwa ◽  
K. Duru
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Dimensional Stability ◽  
Thermal Process ◽  
Colour Change ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Thermal Modification ◽  
Hygroscopic Properties ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Thermally Modified Wood ◽  
Modified Wood

The study investigated the use of thermal modification to improve the hygroscopic properties of False Iroko [Antiaris toxicaria (Lesch)]. Samples of Antiaris toxicara Lesch wood were subjected to thermal modification in a furnace at temperatures of 160, 180 and 200°C for 30 and 60 minutes. Results showed that wood properties were improved with exposure to different temperatures. Subsequent to the thermal process, a colour change from pale yellow to darkish brown was observed progressively with increase in temperature, accompanied by a weight loss in the range of 12.08% to 23.67%. The outcome of these treatments resulted in a decrease in volumetric swelling and increase in dimensional stability of modified wood; this can be attributed to observed decrease in moisture intake. The thermal modification of Antiaris toxicara Lesch wood affected the dimensional stability properties. Thus, due to significant changes via modification carried out on the selected species which is classified as lesser utilized wood species, lesser utilized wood,Antiaristoxicara Lesch wood is recommended for use due to its efficient dimensional stability after modification . keywords:, Thermally modified wood ;False Iroko

scholarly journals Unusual Case of Localized Upper Limbs and Truncal Edema Associated with Fever, Anemia, and Acute Kidney Injury

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Mohammad Tinawi
Keyword(s):  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Muscle Biopsy ◽  
Unusual Case ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
The Other ◽  
Upper Limbs ◽  
Inflammatory Myositis ◽  
Arm Pain ◽  
Extensive Evaluation

The patient is a 75-year-old man who presented with right arm pain, edema, and erythema. The same manifestations appeared in the other arm 3 weeks later. He also developed fever, acute kidney injury, anemia, and truncal edema. Initial extensive evaluation was unrevealing. He was noted to have elevated creatine kinase, and a diagnostic muscle biopsy lead to diagnosis of inflammatory myositis. He improved with corticosteroids.

scholarly journals Recent Developments and Current Status of Commercial Production of Fuel Ethanol

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuan-Dung Hoang ◽  
Nhuan Nghiem
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Ethanol Production ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Commercial Scale ◽  
The World ◽  
Recent Developments

Ethanol produced from various biobased sources (bioethanol) has been gaining high attention lately due to its potential to cut down net emissions of carbon dioxide while reducing burgeoning world dependence on fossil fuels. Global ethanol production has increased more than six-fold from 18 billion liters at the turn of the century to 110 billion liters in 2019 (1,2). Sugar cane and corn have been used as the major feedstocks for ethanol production. Lignocellulosic biomass has recently been considered as another potential feedstock. This paper reviews recent developments and current status of commercial production of ethanol across the world. The review includes the ethanol production processes used for each type of feedstock, both currently practiced at commercial scale and newly developed technologies, and production trends in various regions and countries in the world.

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