Carl Schmitt, April 1939: „Der Reichsbegriff im Völkerrecht“

Der Staat ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-472
Author(s):  
Dirk Blasius
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
International Law ◽  
World View ◽  
Carl Schmitt ◽  
Causal Connection ◽  
World War ◽  
European Culture ◽  
History Of ◽  
Total State ◽  
Second World

Der Artikel rekonstruiert die Geschichte von Carl Schmitts Reichsbegriff. Die historische Situation im Frühjahr 1939 hatte Einfluss auf den Weg seines juristischen Werks. Der Reichsbegriff war Thema eines Vortrags, den Schmitt in das Zentrum seiner „Völkerrechtlichen Großraumordnung“ stellte. Diese im April 1939 erschienene Publikation wurde nach Ausbruch des Krieges mehrfach ergänzt. Der Abschnitt zum Reichsbegriff blieb unverändert. Schmitt unterstützte mit seinen Beiträgen zum Völkerrecht den aggressiven Weg der NS-Politik, der zum Ausbruch des Krieges im September 1939 führte. In einem Essay vom Mai 1939 über das Reich und den Untergang der europäischen Kultur zitierte er frühere Veröffentlichungen. Sie hatten ihn zu einem neuen völkerrechtlichen Gedanken geführt. Reiche, nicht Staaten sollten Träger des Völkerrechts sein. An diesem Gedanken hielt Schmitt auch während des Krieges fest. Sein Essay ist ein Selbstportrait des Juristen Schmitt. Seine Gegner erhoben den Vorwurf mangelhafter Weltanschauung. Sie forderten eine „völkische Großraumordnung“. Im Zweiten Weltkrieg schloss sich Schmitt nicht Ereignissen an, die der Ideologie vom „Lebensraum“ Taten folgen ließen. Mit dem Begriff „Ereignisse“ wurden 1941/42 Kriegsverbrechen in den „Ereignismeldungen UdSSR“ benannt. Die Stäbe des „Reichssicherheitshauptamts“ werteten sie aus. Schmitt ließ den Zusammenhang dieser Verbrechen mit dem Typus des totalen Staats unbeachtet. The article reconstructs the history of Carl Schmitt's concept of the Reich. The historical situation in the spring of 1939 had an influence on the path of his legal work. The concept of empire was the subject of a lecture that Schmitt placed at the center of his “Völkerrechtliche Großraumordnung”. This publication, which appeared in April 1939, was supplemented several times after the outbreak of World War II. The section on the concept of empire remained unchanged. Schmitt's contributions to international law supported the aggressive course of Nazi policy before September 1939. In a May 1939 essay on the Reich and the Decline of European Culture, he cited earlier publications. They had led him to a new idea of the causal connection between empires and international law. Schmitt held on to it even during the war. His essay is a self-portrait of the jurist Schmitt. His opponents raised the accusation of a deficient world view (Weltanschauung). They demanded a "völkische Großraumordnung". In the Second World War, Schmitt did not join events (Ereignisse) that gave action to the ideology of Lebensraum. The term "Ereignisse" was used in 1941/42 to name war crimes in the "Ereignismeldungen UdSSR". The staffs of the Reich Security Main Office (Reichssicherheitshauptamt) evaluated them. Schmitt ignored the connection of these crimes with the type of the total state.

I

1986 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 896-901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manfred Lachs
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
The United States ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
International Court Of Justice ◽  
International Court ◽  
History Of ◽  
American Society ◽  
Second World ◽  
Shed Light

To write of Philip Jessup means to survey the history of the teaching of international law in the United States throughout the last half century; to cover all important events concerning the birth of international organizations on the morrow of the Second World War; to visit the halls of the General Assembly and the Security Council; to attend meetings of the American Society of International Law and the Institute of International Law, where he so frequently took the floor to shed light on their debates; to attend sittings of the International Court of Justice in the years 1960-1969. I could hardly undertake this task; there are others much more qualified to do so. What I wish to do is to recall him as a great jurist I knew and a delightful human being; in short, a judge and a great friend whom I learned to admire.

scholarly journals To the question of the relationship between the brothers of Sheptytskyi and the Jews

2020 ◽  
pp. 159-178
Author(s):  
Ivan Matkovskyy
Keyword(s):  
World View ◽  
Jewish People ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Personal Experiences ◽  
History Of ◽  
Deep Relationship ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Second World

The history of relations of the Sheptytskyj family and the Jewish people reaches back to those remote times when the representatives of the Sheptytskyi lineage held high and honorable secular and clerical posts, and the Jews, either upon invitation of King Danylo of Halych or King Casimir the Great, began to build up their own world in Halychyna. Throughout the whole life of Metropolitan Sheptytskyi and Blessed Martyr Klymentii, a thread of cooperation with the Jews is traceable. It should be noted that heroic deeds of the Sheptytskyi Brothers to save Jews during the Second World War were not purely circumstantial: they were preceded by a long-standing deep relationship with representatives of Jewish culture. In addition, the sense of responsibility of the Spiritual Pastor, as advocated by the Brothers, extended to all people of different religions and genesis with no exception. The world-view principles of Metropolitan Sheptytskyi are important for us in order to understand what was going on in the then society in attitude to the Jews. Also, of importance is the influence of the Metropolitan on Kasymyr Sheptytskyi, later Fr. Klymentii, because the Archbishop was not only his Brother, but also a church authority and the leader. And if from under the Metropolitan Sheptytskyi’s pen letters and pastorals were published, they were directives, instructions, edifications and explanations for the faithful and the clergy, and not at all, the products of His own reflections or personal experiences, which Archbishop Andrey wanted to share with the faithful. On the grounds of the available archive materials, an effort to reconstruct the chief moments of those relations was undertaken, aiming among others, to illustrate the fact that the saving of Jews during the Holocaust was not incidental, nor with any underlying reasons behind, but a natural manifestation of a good Christian tradition of «Love thy Neighbor», to which the Sheptytskyj were faithful. Keywords: Andrey Sheptytskyi, the Blessed Hieromartyr Klymentii Sheptytskyi, Jews, the Holocaust, Galicia, Righteous Among the Nations.

scholarly journals Employment Problems of Muslim Migrants in France (Exemplified by Paris). Part 1

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-13
Author(s):  
Natal’ya R. Zholudeva ◽  
◽  
Sergey A. Vasyutin
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Algerian War ◽  
World War ◽  
French Society ◽  
Muslim Population ◽  
History Of ◽  
French Colonies ◽  
Migration Crisis ◽  
Second World

The first part of the article briefly covers the history of immigration to France, social conflicts associated with migrants, and the results of French research on discrimination of immigrants in employment. In spite of the high unemployment rate, compared with other European Union countries, France remains one of the centres of migration and receives a significant number of migrants and refugees every year. The origins of immigration to France go back to the mid-19th century. Initially, it was mainly for political reasons, in order to find a job or receive an education. Between the First and the Second World Wars, France accepted both political (e.g. from Russia, Germany and Spain) and labour migrants (from Africa and Indo-China). After World War II, the French government actively invited labour migrants from the French colonies, primarily, from North Africa (Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco). When the Algerian War ended, the Harkis – Algerians who served in the French Army – found refuge in France. By the late 1960s, the Moroccan and Tunisian communities were formed. Up to the 1980s, labour migration was predominant. However, with time, the share of refugees and those who wanted to move to France with their families started to increase. This caused a growing social and political tension in French society resulting in conflicts (e.g. the 2005 riots in Paris). Moreover, the numerous terrorist attacks and the migration crisis of 2014–2016 had a particularly negative impact on the attitude towards migrants. All these issues have to a certain extent affected the employment of the Muslim population in France.

Korea 1905–1945

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ku Daeyeol
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Foreign Relations ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Diplomatic History ◽  
World War ◽  
Colonial Korea ◽  
Policy Making Process ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World

This important new study by one of Korea’s leading historians focuses on the international relations of colonial Korea – from the Japanese rule of the peninsula and its foreign relations (1905–1945) to the ultimate liberation of the country at the end of the Second World War. In addition, it fills a significant gap – the ‘blank space’ – in Korean diplomatic history. Furthermore, it highlights several other fundamental aspects in the history of modern Korea, such as the historical perception of the policy-making process and the attitudes of both China and Britain which influenced US policy regarding Korea at the end of World War II.

Literary Sidelights on Wartime Brisbane

2004 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-57
Author(s):  
Patricia Clarke
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
General Information ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Postwar Period ◽  
World War ◽  
Literary Life ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World

There have been several anecdotal accounts of the literary scene in Brisbane during World War II and numerous references in more general works. In 2000,Queensland Reviewpublished some reminiscences of writers Estelle Runcie Pinney, Don Munro, Val Vallis and David Rowbotham, under the title ‘Writing in Brisbane during the Second World War’. Some of the more important general works include Judith Wright's ‘Brisbane in Wartime’, Lynne Strahan's history ofMeanjinand Judith Armstrong's biographical work on the Christesens,The Christesen Romance. My interest in this subject arose from editing Judith Wright's autobiography,Half a Lifetime, published in 1999, and recently in editing, with her daughter, letters between Judith Wright and Jack McKinney which were mainly written in Brisbane in the later years of the war and the immediate postwar period. Initially my purpose was to gather information to elucidate people or events mentioned in these writings, but my interest widened to embrace more general information about the period. My research led me to the conclusion thatMeanjinand its editor Clem Christesen were catalysts for many of the literary activities in Brisbane during World War II, not just among resident Australians, but among troops temporarily stationed in Brisbane — particularly Americans, whom Christesen cultivated and published. This article records a few glimpses of literary life in Brisbane, and incidentally in the rest of the country, during a period described by Patrick Buckridge as never having been researched ‘in enough detail’.

Troubling Territory: West Germany in the European Airwaves

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-93
Author(s):  
Alexander Badenoch
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Federal Republic ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Second World War ◽  
West Germany ◽  
World War ◽  
Cultural Products ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World

Until recently, broadcasting in Europe has been seen by historians and broadcasters alike as intricately related to national territory. Starting immediately after the Second World War, when West German national territory was still uncertain, this article explores how the broadcasting space of the Federal Republic (FRG) shaped and was shaped by material, institutional, and discursive developments in European broadcasting spaces from the end of World War II until the early 1960s. In particular, it examines the border regimes defined by overlapping zones of circulation via broadcasting, including radio hardware, signals and cultural products such as music. It examines these spaces in part from the view of the European Broadcasting Union (EBU), the federation of (then) Western public service broadcasters in Europe. By reconstructing the history of broadcasting in the Federal Republic within the frame of attempts to regulate European broadcasting spaces, it aims to show how territorial spaces were transgressed, transformed, or reinforced by the emerging global conflict.

The Anschluss

1994 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Danchev
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Air Force ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Waste Land ◽  
Francis Fukuyama ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Historical Analogy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World

Historical analogiesOn 2 August 1990, much to everyone's surprise, Hitler invaded Kuwait. The ensuing conflict was mired in history—as Francis Fukuyama might say—or at least in historical analogy. The ruling analogy was with the Second World War; more exactly, with the origins and nature of that war. George Bush's constant reference during the Second Gulf War was Martin Gilbert's Second World War, a monumental construction well described as ‘a bleak, desolate evocation of the horrors of war, a modern Waste Land, an unremitting catalogue of killing, atrocity and exiguous survival’. The paperback edition of this exacting volume weighs three pounds. The text runs to 747 pages. Understandably, the President stashed his copy on board Air Force One. ‘I'm reading a book’, he informed an audience in Burlington, Vermont, in October 1990, ‘and it's a book of history, a great, big, thick history of World War II, and there's a parallel between what Hitler did to Poland and what Saddam Hussein has done to Kuwait’. As Paul Fussell has reminded us, the wartime refrain was Remember Pearl Harbor. “ ‘No one ever shouted or sang Remember Poland’? Not until 1990, that is. Of course, Bush himself had served in that war, as he was not slow to remind the electorate: he flew fifty-eight missions as a pilot in the Pacific. For those who wondered what he knew of Poland, Gilbert's book—at once a chronicle of remembrance and an indictment—told him this:

Hope, Despair, and Justice in Postwar European Culture: Bicycle Thieves, The Plague, and The Man Outside as Case Studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-82
Author(s):  
Amir Engel
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Cultural Production ◽  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
World War ◽  
The West ◽  
European Culture ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Emotional Disposition ◽  
Do So

Abstract While there is growing interest in the postwar era, the cultural characteristics of the period after World War II and the period’s historical scope are still largely underdetermined. The purpose of this article is to offer a more nuanced use of the term postwar and insights into the cultural landscape of this enormously significant moment in the history of the West. To do so, it examines three major works of what is termed here the immediate postwar. These works are fundamentally dissimilar and yet, it is argued, share an emotional disposition. As shown, all three works exhibit a complex dialectical coupling of horror and anticipation. In other words, this article demonstrates that the cultural production of the postwar period (in the exact sense of the term) is characterized, on the one hand, by a sincere depiction of suffering and depravity but, on the other, by an intense engagement with questions about the moral and social future.

scholarly journals Turismo no Carste da Baixa Normandia (França) em função da História do Dia-D / Tourism in the Lower Normandy (France) karst due to the History of D-Day

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (44) ◽  
pp. 312-342
Author(s):  
Luiz Eduardo Panisset Travassos ◽  
Pablo Cristiano Alves Coelho ◽  
Bruno Durão Rodrigues ◽  
Larissa Duarte Araújo Pereira
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Cultural Tourism ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Karst Landscape ◽  
Northern France ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World

O trabalho apresenta uma reflexão sobre a atual exploração turística do carste do norte da França, em locais remanescentes e pontos estratégicos utilizados no Teatro de Operações durante o desembarque Aliado nas praias da Baixa Normandia na Segunda Guerra Mundial. Por meio de fundamentação teórica e pesquisa de campo foi possível observar a paisagem cárstica e ponderar sobre o uso dos marcos históricos, cemitérios, museus e modificações na paisagem como suporte ao Turismo Histórico-Cultural. Observa-se que o cenário em questão visa promoção e valorização da história, bem como propõe o resgate da memória através do desenvolvimento turístico regional.Palavras-chave: Carste; Turismo; Baixa Normadia; Segunda Guerra Mundial; Dia D Abstract This work presents a discussion on the current tourist use of the karst from northern France in remaining places and strategic points used in the theater of operations during the Allied landings on the beaches of Lower Normandy in World War II. By means of theoretical basis and fieldwork it was possible to observe the karst landscape and consider its use as historic landmarks, cemeteries, museums and changes in the landscape as support for the historical and cultural tourism. One observes that the scenario is used as a way of enforcing and preserving history as well as proposes the rescue of memory through the development of regional tourism.Keywords: Karst; Tourism; Lower Normandy; Second World War; D-Day.

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