Monetary Instability, Lack of Integration, and the Curse of a Commodity Money Standard. The German Lands, c.1400–1900 A. D.

We analyze some of the creditor’s law enforcement actions in obligations, which in the theory of civil law have become accepted to be called creditor obligations. We dispute the thesis that it is possible to classify as obligations those actions that help in the implementation of creditor’s subjective right and are part of the mechanism for its implementation. We provide an analysis of a number of creditor’s necessary actions, which act auxiliary to the basic action to implement the subjective right in obligation. We propose to abandon the concept of “obligation” in relation to those creditorial en-forcement actions, the failure of which entails sanctions that are not related to liability measures. We establish that in the obligation within the framework of mutual subjective rights and obligations, there are creditor actions that do not contain leading economic significance, but have an auxiliary nature, ensure the fulfillment of the main economic obligations arising in the basic commodity-money relationship. The creditor’s law enforcement actions include not only the acceptance of performance, but also other organizational actions of an actual nature, which, ultimately, are aimed at fulfilling the obligation by both parties. The non-fulfillment of the creditor's law enforcement actions does not entail direct responsibility for their non-fulfillment, only indirect possibilities of influencing the counterparty are established. The indirect means of influencing the creditor include the delay in fulfilling the obligation as a measure of operational impact.

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Political, Interparty and Moral Crisis of the “War Communism” Policy in Kazakhstan 1920-1922

Oriente Moderno ◽

10.1163/22138617-12340098 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 96 (1) ◽

pp. 132-155

Author(s):

Erlan Medeubayev

Keyword(s):

Private Property ◽

Public Life ◽

Culture War ◽

Commodity Money ◽

The Subject ◽

Moral Crisis ◽

Bourgeois Culture ◽

The Right ◽

Sense Of Justice ◽

The City

The article deals with the implementation of the complex of political and socio-economic measures of the Soviet state, called the policy of “war communism” in the cities of the Steppes and Turkestan in 1918-1921. Based on materials gleaned from various sources, the author endeavours to explore the processes of socialization and municipalization of private houses and dwellings, the nationalization of private property, which took place in the cities of the KazASSR and tassr; highlight some of the issues related to the subject policy of “war communism” in the cities of Kazakhstan. Various restrictive decrees and orders of the Soviet power in this period, aimed at limiting commodity-money relations and the prohibition of the right to private property put people into a rigid framework of survival. Approved in the sphere of public life, the ideology of “war communism” inevitably left its mark on the life of the city. This ideology was a special sociocultural phenomenon, strengthening other social psychology and ethics which propagandized the need to destroy the old “bourgeois” culture and create a new “proletarian culture”. “War Communism” as opposed to “bourgeois individualism” principles of the socialist community, broske vital foundations of society. A characteristic feature of this period is the legitimization of violence and its use as a universal remedy of solving all problems. Under the pressure of revolutionary changes the sense of justice in society underwent considerable transformation. The right to inviolability of private property was completely ignored. The ruling regime no longer recognized the existing legal mechanisms, replacing them with the amorphous concept of “revolutionary legality.”

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Digitalization trend in business

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202128407008 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 284 ◽

pp. 07008

Author(s):

Oksana Pirogova ◽

Nadezhda Savelyeva ◽

Tatiana Timkina

Keyword(s):

Business Processes ◽

Banking Sector ◽

Development Trend ◽

The Internet ◽

Service Model ◽

Software Products ◽

Market Participants ◽

Digital Services ◽

Commodity Money ◽

Patterns Of Behavior

The aftermath of the pandemic in 2020 shocked the country’s economy, but at the same time, the desire to keep the business allowed, in record time, to completely rebuild the usual patterns of behavior in the implementation of business processes across all sectors of the economy. The inability to go to work, solve everyday issues, carry out a commodity-money exchange, allowed the remote service model to burst so rapidly. The construction of a mechanism for the formation of work on the basis of electronic platforms, software products, Internet sources made it possible to form a single development trend - digitalization. This process is inextricably linked with the Internet, the digitization of the actions of all market participants. In this article, using the banking sector as an example, the main problems of modern digital services are considered, based on which the main directions of innovation are put forward, as well as promising areas of investment are substantiated.

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Tariffs and the textile trade between Brazil and Britain (1808-1860)

Estudos Econômicos (São Paulo) ◽

10.1590/0101-41615124tzp ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 51 (2) ◽

pp. 311-342

Author(s):

Thales Augusto Zamberlan Pereira

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Quantitative Analysis ◽

Foreign Trade ◽

Quantitative Information ◽

Institutional Changes ◽

Product Price ◽

Quantitative Evidence ◽

Qualitative And Quantitative ◽

Textile Trade ◽

Monetary Instability

Abstract The commercial treaty with Britain in 1810, along the authorization of foreign trade in ports in 1808, are among the most important institutional changes in nineteenth century Brazil. The 1810 treaty lowered tariffs for British manufactures while maintaining high tariffs in Britain for Brazilian sugar and coffee. These terms are generally viewed as disastrous for the Brazilian economy, although there is still limited quantitative information about how much the tariff affected the demand for British imports. This paper provides new qualitative and quantitative evidence on the operation and effect of Brazil’s imports tariffs in the period. I find that the effect of the tariffs is different from what traditional literature assumes. First, the monetary instability in the 1820s and conflicts over product price assessment often led the de facto tariff to be higher than the 15 percent established by the treaty. Second, even with higher rates, quantitative analysis shows they did not have decrease imports of British textiles.

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Home Finance - The Source of Improving Wellness of the Population

International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering - Special Issue ◽

10.35940/ijitee.i1146.0789s219 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (9S2) ◽

pp. 706-708

Keyword(s):

Qualitative Analysis ◽

Social Structure ◽

Financial System ◽

Modern Society ◽

The State ◽

Public Authorities ◽

Public Finances ◽

State Economy ◽

The Social ◽

Commodity Money

For a qualitative analysis of the state of modern society and financial relations prevailing in the financial system of our country, it is especially important to study issues related to attracting public finances to the state economy. The long process of developing commodity-money relations has radically changed the content of finance. If earlier in these relations the main and fundamental role was played by the monarchs, the state, as the owners of all property, then in the XX century. The main owners of valuables, including enterprises and firms, are citizens, and the state represented by public authorities acts as an intermediary and a consumer of redistributed wealth. Confirming this thesis, P. Drucker expressed that the main impetus of progress now comes not from the social structure, but from an individual, and the present time requires every person to take effective actions to transform not only society, but above all himself [1 ].

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