scholarly journals Applicability of the vital dyes neutral red and fluorescein diacetate to differentiate between alive and dead non-copepod zooplankton

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 70-76
Author(s):  
Daria Litvinyuk ◽  
Vladimir S. Mukhanov
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Fluorescein Diacetate ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Fish Eggs ◽  
Heterotrophic Dinoflagellate ◽  
Target Groups ◽  
Sufficient Statistics ◽  
Marine Zooplankton

It is a common practice for planktonologists to use neutral red (NR) staining to identify viable copepods in marine zooplankton. A new fluorescent dye, fluorescein diacetate (FDA), has also been successfully applied to Copepoda. Meanwhile, almost nothing is known about if NR- and FDA-based viability assays are applicable to many other zooplankton taxa. In this study, efficiencies of NR and FDA staining were evaluated and compared for different taxa and developmental stages of the Black Sea non-copepod zooplankton. Both the dyes were shown to stain well larvae of polychaetes, gastropods and bivalves, rotifers, fish eggs, barnacle nauplii, decapod zoeae, and the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Noctiluca sсintillans. Dominant species of Cladocera (Pleopis polyphemoides, Evadne spinifera, Pseudevadne tergestina) were stained efficiently with FDA only. Some taxa had sufficient statistics of positive staining only with one of the dyes, NR (e.g. appendicularians and chaetognaths) or FDA (e.g. barnacle cyprids). Correspondingly, more data are demanded to fill the gaps in the target taxa. The dyes proved to be taxa-specific and hence, their reliable application should be based on their target groups.

Spatial distribution of the Black Sea copepod, Calanus euxinus, estimated using multi-frequency acoustic backscatter

2016 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 832-846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serdar Sakınan ◽  
Ali Cemal Gücü
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Acoustic Backscatter ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Monitoring Tool ◽  
Specific Density ◽  
Ecosystem Monitoring ◽  
Acoustic Surveys ◽  
Deep Distribution

The copepod Calanus euxinus is a key prey species for fish in the Black Sea. To estimate the distribution and biomass of the late developmental stages of this species in July 2013, we analysed multi-frequency (38, 120, and 200 kHz) echo-sounder data from a fisheries survey of the Black Sea. The dependence of acoustic backscatter on frequency, i.e. the frequency response, was estimated for daytime scattering layers, which were confirmed by net catches to be dense, post-copepodite-stage (C4) aggregations of C. euxinus with prosome lengths greater than 2 mm. The high-resolution acoustic observations revealed that the nighttime, shallow distribution was bounded by the lower portion of the thermocline and that the daytime, deep distribution was bounded by oxygen. The dense and isolated aggregations were observed in seawater with a specific density, σT, of between 15.2 and 15.9 kg m−3. These results show that fisheries acoustic surveys, typically targeting only commercially exploited fish species, may also provide information on the lower trophic levels and thereby serve as an ecosystem-monitoring tool.

scholarly journals Annual and Seasonal Variation in Artemia Population in Relation to Water Quality Parameters in Lake Galgas in Crimea, Russia

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Rudneva Irina Ivanovna ◽  
Shaida Valentin Grigor’evich ◽  
Sherba Anton Viktorovich ◽  
Zav’vyalov Andrei Veniaminovich
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Northern Coast ◽  
Hydrochemical Characteristics ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Artemia Population

Aim: To study seasonal changes of hydrological parameters of the water and Artemia population status in the hypersaline Galgas Lake in the period of 2017-2019. Study Area and Duration: The study was carried out in the Crimea, a peninsula on the northern coast of the Black Sea in Eastern Europe in 2017-2019. Methodology: Water (brine) and Artemia samples were collected monthly from the lake located at the coastal line of the Black Sea. The parameters namely temperature, pH, salinity, Eh, and oxygen concentration of were determined in the water. Artemia population including the developmental stages and the cysts hatching rate of the cysts were measured in different seasons in the study period. The differences in hydrochemical characteristics of the study area in different years and seasons were observed. Results: The results showed that the hydrochemical characteristics of the study area varied with the climate peculiarities. In summer months 2017, the lake was dried out. In the hot period, the temperature of the air and water was above +30°C, the pH ranged insignificantly, and the oxygen concentration was low. Artemia cysts were found throughout the year, however the nauplii were mostly available during spring and autumn seasons, while the adults were found in spring and summer months. Conclusion: The study concluded that the changes of the water parameters depended on season and especially on air temperature. The changes of Artemia population were different in examined years and depended on the water characteristics and especially on temperature and oxygen concentration. The obtained results could be helpful for the local climate changes consequences studies and their influence on aquatic biota.

scholarly journals Toxic effects of mazut on early developmental stages of blenny Parablennius sanguinolentus

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Rudneva
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽  
Coastal Marine ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Early Developmental Stages ◽  
Early Developmental ◽  
Biomarkers Of Oxidative Stress

Coastal marine waters are known as spawning sites of fish and invertebrate, which are highly sensitive to crude oil and its derivates in their early developmental stages. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of mazut at concentrations of 0.00001, 0.02, 0.1, and 0.2 ml/l on antioxidant enzyme activities in developmental embryos (stage V) of the Black Sea blenny Parablennius sanguinolentus. The biomarkers of oxidative stress — namely superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (PER) and glutathione reductase (GR) — were investigated. This revealed a non-uniform impact of mazut concentration on fish embryos. The correlations between enzyme activities and mazut concentrations were non-linear, and tested antioxidants fluctuated independently from one another. The obtained results can be applied to the development of oil toxicity tests for assessment of water quality and in conservation biology.

Vacuolar acidity, protein profile, and crystal composition of epidermal bladder cells of the halophyte Mesembryanthemum crystallinum

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingtzy Jou ◽  
Ya-Ling Wang ◽  
Hungchen Emilie Yen
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Protein Profile ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Early Developmental Stage ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Pavement Cells ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Stressed Cells ◽  
Bladder Cells ◽  
Early Developmental

The halophyte Mesembryanthemum crytallinum L. (ice plant) is marked by giant epidermal bladder cells (EBC). The differentiation of pavement cells into EBC occurs at an early developmental stage. EBC occupy most of the surface area in the aerial parts of salt-stressed mature ice plants. A large vacuolar reservoir for ion and water storage plays an important role in salinity adaptation. To monitor the acidity of the vacuole at different developmental stages of EBC, peels from the abaxial surface were stained with a pH-sensitive dye, neutral red (NR). Presence of both NR-stained (acidic) and NR-unstained (neutral) EBC were found at the juvenile stage in ice plants. Continuous exposure to illumination decreased the acidity of the NR-stained cells. The EBC protein profile illustrated the prominent co-existence of highly acidic and basic proteins in these specialised cells. Major proteins that accumulate in EBC are involved in photosynthesis, sodium compartmentalisation, and defence. Numerous raphide crystals were found in well fertilised ice plants. Salt-stressed cells exhibited changes in the surface charge and element composition of raphide crystals. A disappearance of potassium in the high-salt grown crystals suggests that these crystals might serve as a potassium reservoir to maintain the Na+/K+ homeostasis in this halophyte.

scholarly journals Ticks of the Genus Rhipicephalus (Acari, Ixodidae) and Their Distribution in Ukraine

2013 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 28-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. Akimov ◽  
I. V. Nebogatkin
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Sea Of Azov ◽  
Northern Boundary ◽  
The North ◽  
New Man ◽  
Kerch Peninsula ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Crimea

Expansion of Rhipicephalus rossicus (Jakimov et Kohl-Jakimova, 1911) to the North, due to all its developmental stages have wide range of feeders (from amphibians to mammals) in the new man-made environmental conditions in the steppe and wood-and-steppe of Ukraine and the warming of climate (especially warm winters), is observed. The northern boundary of R. rossicus distribution lies in Vinnytsya, Kyiv, Poltava and Sumy Regions. R. bursa (Canestrini et Fanzago, 1878) and R. sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) occur only on the shores of the Black Sea and Sea of Azov (including the Crimea). Outbreak localities of R. sanguineus are in Kerch Peninsula (Crimea) and in the Dnieper floodplain. Both R. bursa and R. sanguineus are invasive species.

Histological and histochemical studies on the paraoesophageal glands in cercariae and metacercariae of Echinostoma revolutum and E. trivolvis

1996 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 299-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.E. Humphries ◽  
B. Fried
Keyword(s):  
Nile Blue ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Negative Reaction ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Echinostoma Revolutum

AbstractHistological and histochemical studies were made on the excysted metacercariae and cercariae of Echinostoma revolutum and E. trivolvis. The paraoesophageal glands of the cercariae of both echinostome species stained positively with the intravital dyes, neutral red and nile blue sulphate. The paraoesophageal glands of excysted metacercariae of E. revolutum did not display positive staining with the intravital dyes. Some excysted metacercariae of E. trivolvis displayed positive staining of the paraoesophageal glands, while others displayed either a negative reaction or reduced staining. The lack of staining with intravital dyes, of paraoesophageal glands of excysted metacercariae of E. revolutum, suggests that the glands play a role in either the final stages of encystment, or in excystation in E. revolutum.

Amoeba Lescherae (nov. spec.)--Its Morphology, Cytology, and Life-History

1944 ◽  
Vol s2-84 (336) ◽  
pp. 295-328
Author(s):  
MONICA TAYLOR ◽  
CATHERINE HAYES
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Pure Line ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Amoeba Proteus ◽  
Mechanical Support ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Marked Contrast ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Fat Globules ◽  
A New Species

1. The discovery of a new species of large, free-living freshwater amoeba is recorded, and a description of the adult and of its reproduction is given. Although provisionally called Amoeba lescherae, it may have to be placed in the genus Chaos. 2. A method of cultivating it in the laboratory on a diet of small flagellates and ciliates subsisting on a pabulum of wheat grains is detailed. By starting them in Petri dishes pure line cultures are shown to be easily obtainable. 3. The resting nucleus, discoid in shape, has been shown to bear a general resemblance to that of Amoeba discoides as well as Amoeba proteus Y. Division is mitotic, and occurs once in twenty-four hours under optimum conditions. In contrast to Amoeba proteus Y the separation of the daughter amoeba is facilitated by the mechanical support of minute fragments of floating debris. 4. The cytoplasmic contents include square prismatic crystals, nutritive spheres, fat globules, neutral red bodies, and mitochondria. 5. It has been shown that while the adult has a general resemblance to Amoeba proteus Y the respective developmental stages of the two amoebae are in marked contrast. 6. Agametogony is seen to begin with the emission of ‘chromidia’ from the nucleus. These chromidia form the rudiments of the agametes which differentiate into cysts. Excystationis described. 7. Agametogonyoccurs morefrequentlyin Amoeba lescherae than in Amoeba proteus Y, the intervals between the ‘depression’ periods being shorter in the former than in the latter. 8. The development of the nucleus from the newly hatched amoeba to its adult condition has been traced, and the immature nucleus has been contrasted with that of species of Mayorella.

Trophic spectrum and feeding pattern of cannonball jellyfish Stomolophus meleagris (Agassiz, 1862) from central Gulf of California

2015 ◽  
Vol 96 (6) ◽  
pp. 1217-1227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco J. Álvarez-Tello ◽  
Juana López-Martínez ◽  
Daniel B. Lluch-Cota
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Of California ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Trophic Niche ◽  
Feeding Pattern ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Fish Eggs ◽  
Total Fish ◽  
Ecological Importance ◽  
Veliger Larvae ◽  
Stomolophus Meleagris

The diet and feeding pattern of scyphomedusa Stomolophus meleagris (Rhizostomeae) was studied, by comparing stomach samples from different developmental stages and environmental zooplankton with the aim to determine diet composition, trophic niche breadth, selectivity and feeding overlap of this edible jellyfish species. Samplings were performed during April and December 2010 and in January 2011, in the coastal lagoon Las Guásimas (27°49′–27°54′N 110°40′–110°35′W), central Gulf of California, which consisted of zooplankton tows and jellyfish collections for stomach content. More than 39 prey items were identified in the gut contents (N = 69), from which eight taxa formed over 90% of the total. Fish eggs were considered main prey (58.6%), copepods (10.8%), veliger larvae of gastropod (13.0%) and bivalve (12.7%) were secondary prey while cirriped and decapod larvae were incidental prey (<3%). However, these proportions varied significantly between small, medium and large size classes of medusa as well as number and type of prey increasing as a function of medusa size. Values of Levin's index confirmed S. meleagris is a specialist predator and Pearre's index showed positive selection of fish eggs, gastropods, bivalves and cirripeds while selectivity was negative for copepods and appendicularians. The relative timing of these changes suggests that ontogenetic processes are closely related with shift in the diet, which indicates increasing predation pressure during development of the medusoid stage of this species, thus emphasizing their ecological importance in coastal ecosystems.

Immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in positively stained frozen sections

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-169
Author(s):  
K. T. Tokuyasu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Frozen Sections ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ultrathin Frozen Sections ◽  
Definition Of

During the past investigations of immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in ultrathin frozen sections, we found that the degree of negative staining required to delineate u1trastructural details was often too dense for the recognition of ferritin particles. The quality of positive staining of ultrathin frozen sections, on the other hand, has generally been far inferior to that attainable in conventional plastic embedded sections, particularly in the definition of membranes. As we discussed before, a main cause of this difficulty seemed to be the vulnerability of frozen sections to the damaging effects of air-water surface tension at the time of drying of the sections.Indeed, we found that the quality of positive staining is greatly improved when positively stained frozen sections are protected against the effects of surface tension by embedding them in thin layers of mechanically stable materials at the time of drying (unpublished).

Correlated Studies of Cellular Interactions Using TEM, Freeze Etching, and SEM

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 320-321
Author(s):  
J. P. Revel
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cell Movement ◽  
Cellular Interactions ◽  
Serial Sections ◽  
Cell Sheets ◽  
Freeze Etching ◽  
Early Developmental

Movement of individual cells or of cell sheets and complex patterns of folding play a prominent role in the early developmental stages of the embryo. Our understanding of these processes is based on three- dimensional reconstructions laboriously prepared from serial sections, and from autoradiographic and other studies. Many concepts have also evolved from extrapolation of investigations of cell movement carried out in vitro. The scanning electron microscope now allows us to examine some of these events in situ. It is possible to prepare dissections of embryos and even of tissues of adult animals which reveal existing relationships between various structures more readily than used to be possible vithout an SEM.

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