scholarly journals СERVICAL CANCER’S EPIDEMIOLOGY IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN AND IN THE WORLD. IMPACT OF POPULATION ADHERENCE ON COVERAGE AND SUCCESS OF CERVICAL CANCER SCREENING PROGRAMS

2021 ◽  
pp. 26-31
Author(s):  
I.A. Zhetpisbayeva ◽  
Sh.K. Sarmuldayeva ◽  
N.E. Glushkova ◽  
E.A. Fedyanina
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Malignant Neoplasms ◽  
Female Reproductive System ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
The World ◽  
The Republic

For many years, the problem of the prevalence of cervical cancer has been one of the most pressing for public health in most countries of the world. Despite the increasing number of screening programs, cervical cancer is still one of the most common sites of malignant neoplasms of the female reproductive system. Screening programs are effective if they involve 70% or more of the population in the appropriate age groups. In Kazakhstan, this figure for cervical cancer screening is 48–50%. [1,2,3]

scholarly journals Barriers and Challenges to Treatment Alternatives for Early-Stage Cervical Cancer in Lower-Resource Settings

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 572-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily S. Wu ◽  
Jose Jeronimo ◽  
Sarah Feldman
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Human Papillomavirus Vaccination ◽  
Financial Barriers ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
The World ◽  
Early Stage Cervical Cancer ◽  
Barriers And Challenges

Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers among women worldwide, and approximately 85% of new diagnoses occur in less-developed regions of the world. Global efforts in cervical cancer to date have focused on primary and secondary prevention strategies of human papillomavirus vaccination and cervical cancer screening. Cervical cancer screening is effective to reduce the incidence of cervical cancer and can result in diagnosis at earlier stages, but it will take time to realize its full impact. With expansion of screening programs, there is now a greater imperative to increase access to treatment for women who have cervical cancer, particularly in earlier stages of disease, when it is still curable. Resources for multimodality treatment can be limited—or even absent—in many less-developed regions of the world and may be associated with geographic, social, and financial barriers for the patient. However, there is evidence that, in many cases, less-invasive and less–resource-intensive treatment options are still effective. To this end, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network and American Society of Clinical Oncology have published guideline adaptations for specific resource constraints, and research about more conservative approaches to the treatment of cervical cancer continues. This review focuses on potential barriers and challenges to provision of safe and effective treatment of early-stage cervical cancer in lower-resource settings, and it suggests future directions for expansion of access to cervical cancer treatment around the world.

scholarly journals ADHERANCE TO BREAST AND CERVICAL CANCER SCREENING ENSURING COMPLIANCE WITH ETHICAL PRINCIPLES IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 7-23
Author(s):  
A. G. Shamsutdinova ◽  
B. S. Turdaliyeva ◽  
B. A. Ramazanova ◽  
A. G. Beltenova
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Outpatient Clinic ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Ethical Principles ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Breast And Cervical Cancer ◽  
The Republic

The aim of the study was to assess adherence to breast and cervical cancer screening ensuring compliance with ethical principles.Material and methods. A total of 1,015 women of target age groups, living in Almaty, the Republic of Kazakhstan, participated in breast and cervical cancer screenings. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from each participant (1,239 questionnaires: 674 for breast cancer screening and 565 for cervical cancer screening). Two hundred and twenty-four women participated in two screenings. The survey was conducted immediately after the respondents had had a mammography and / or Pap test. The questionnaire included the socio-demographic characteristics of women, questions on awareness of screening, level of knowledge before and after screening, sources of information, feelings before screening, after screening and and also after the receipt of test results. Binary logistic regression was used for data analysis.Results. Sixty-one percent (95 % CI 57.7; 63.1) of women participated in screening for the first time, 39 % (95 % CI 36.4; 41.8) of respondents visited outpatient clinic for the second and the third time. Multivariable analysis revealed that the participation in screening was associated with the purpose of visit, awareness and confidentiality. Thus, women, who arrived at the outpatient clinic with purposes other than screening were 2.3 times less (OR=2 95 % CI 1.6; 3.1) likely to participate in next screening compared to those, who came to the clinic with the purpose of screening as well as those, who were referred by employers (OR=2 95 % CI 1.2; 3.2) or friend/family (OR=2 95 % CI 1.0; 4.3). Women, who had little information about screening as a whole and about screening test before it was taken, were 3 and 2 times less likely to come to screening again (OR=3 95 % CI 1.6; 5.9 and OR=2 95 % CI 0.8; 3.7, respectively). The confidentiality violation led to a decrease in chance (OR=3.5 95 % CI 2.2; 4.9) of being screened again for those women, who experienced nervousness and shame during the screening, and also indicated the presence of nonmedical people during the test.Conclusion. Measures aimed to ensure compliance to ethics in screening for breast and cervical cancer will improve the quality of screening programs in accordance with international standards, as well as increase the personal responsibility for active participation in screening.

scholarly journals Cervical cancer screening programs and their context-dependent effect on inequalities in screening uptake: a dynamic interplay between public health policy and welfare state redistribution

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent De Prez ◽  
Vladimir Jolidon ◽  
Barbara Willems ◽  
Stéphane Cullati ◽  
Claudine Burton-Jeangros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Healthcare System ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Pap Smear Screening ◽  
Out Of Pocket Payments

Abstract Background While organized and opportunistic cervical cancer screening (CCS) programs implemented across the European Union have increased participation rates, barriers to socioeconomically deprived women remain substantial, implying high levels of inequality in CCS uptake. Aim This study assesses how the screening strategy (as a score based on the availability of organized population-based CCS programs), accessibility of the healthcare system (as an index of out-of-pocket expenditure as a proportion of total healthcare costs, public health expenditure as a percentage of total GDP, and general practitioner (GP) density per 10′000 inhabitants) and social protection (as a decommodification index), impact education- and income-based inequalities in CCS uptake. Methods A two-level design with 25–64-year-old women (N = 96′883), eligible for Pap smear screening, nested in 28 European countries, was used to analyze data from the European Health Interview Survey’s second wave, using multilevel logistic regression modelling. Results Clear educational and income gradients in CCS uptake were found, which were smaller in countries with organized CCS programs, higher accessibility of the healthcare system and a higher level of decommodification. Furthermore, three-way interaction terms revealed that these gradients were smaller when organized CCS programs were implemented in countries with better accessibility of the healthcare system or a high level of decommodification. Conclusion This study indicates that the combination of organized screening and high accessibility of the healthcare system or social protection is essential for having lower levels of inequality in CCS uptake. In such countries, the structural threshold for poorer and lower educated women to engage in CCS is lower. This may be explained by them having a better interaction with their GP, who may convince them of the screening test, lower out-of-pocket payments, and financial support to buffer against a disadvantageous position on the labor market.

Systematic review of cervical cancer prevalence and determinants of early detection in Sub-Saharan Africa

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-36
Author(s):  
Eleazar Ndabarora ◽  
Dariya Mukamusoni ◽  
Clarte Ndikumasabo ◽  
Védaste Ngirinshuti
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Early Management ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Mesh Terms ◽  
Sub Saharan

Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality globally and in Sub-Saharan Africa in particular. There is evidence that early detection and early management of cases are the best strategies to prevent and control this health threat, since treatment of the later stages of the diseases are very expensive. The objectives of the review were: (1) to identify and review studies on the prevalence of cervical cancer and determinants of early detection in Sub-Saharan Africa, and (2) to recommend further studies and interventions based on the findings of this review. Extensive literature search was conducted using the MeSH terms. Articles on cervical cancer and/or determinants of early detection which fulfilled inclusion criteria were reviewed independently by three reviewers. The prevalence of cervical cancer in Sub-Saharan Africa is increasing. Although there are evidences that cervical cancer screening programs are practical and feasible even in resource-limited settings in Sub-Saharan Africa, there is a very low uptake of cervical cancer screening and there are key factors that need to be addressed in order to make these programs established and effective.

scholarly journals Automated Quantitative Cytology Imaging Analysis System in Cervical Cancer Screening in Shanxi Province, China

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Dong ◽  
Jigeng Bai ◽  
Yuping Zhang ◽  
Guangjie Shang ◽  
Yan Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Shanxi Province ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Quantitative Cytology ◽  
Automated Platform

Purpose: In China the number of pathologists is far from being enough to meet the demands of ongoing population based cervical cancer screening programs. This article aims to present our experience with automated quantitative cytology imaging platform, a reading system with an artificial intelligence that we currently use routinely for cervical cancer screening in Shanxi province.Methods: From 2012-2016 a total of 40 178 women were screened. Women were divided into three groups and each group had two subgroups. Smear and liquid based technique were compared using manual and automated platform.Results: Detection rates of CIN2 + and positive rates of CIN2 were higher in all three groups when automated quantitative cytology platform was used compared with groups where reading was done by the pathologist using conventional microscope. Operator’s costs associated with automated quantitative cytology platform vs. conventional reading using light microscope were compared too. The overall costs of operations based on automated platform were proven to be lower.Conclusion: The use of automated platform and artificial intelligence as a means to overcome the lack of cytotechnologists and pathologists and to implement proper quality control in the large scale population based cervical cancer screening seems very promising.

scholarly journals Role of Protein Biomarkers in the Detection of High-Grade Disease in Cervical Cancer Screening Programs

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte A. Brown ◽  
Johnannes Bogers ◽  
Shaira Sahebali ◽  
Christophe E. Depuydt ◽  
Frans De Prins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Cervical Screening ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Pap Test ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Protein Biomarkers ◽  
Ki 67 ◽  
Screening Programs

Since the Pap test was introduced in the 1940s, there has been an approximately 70% reduction in the incidence of squamous cell cervical cancers in many developed countries by the application of organized and opportunistic screening programs. The efficacy of the Pap test, however, is hampered by high interobserver variability and high false-negative and false-positive rates. The use of biomarkers has demonstrated the ability to overcome these issues, leading to improved positive predictive value of cervical screening results. In addition, the introduction of HPV primary screening programs will necessitate the use of a follow-up test with high specificity to triage the high number of HPV-positive tests. This paper will focus on protein biomarkers currently available for use in cervical cancer screening, which appear to improve the detection of women at greatest risk for developing cervical cancer, including Ki-67,p16INK4a, BD ProEx C, and Cytoactiv HPV L1.

A pilot study of community-based self-sampling for HPV testing among non-attenders of cervical cancer screening programs in El Salvador

2017 ◽  
Vol 138 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bari Laskow ◽  
Ruben Figueroa ◽  
Karla M. Alfaro ◽  
Isabel C. Scarinci ◽  
Elizabeth Conlisk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
El Salvador ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Hpv Testing ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Screening Programs

Mapping Population Health Management Roadmap into Cervical Cancer Screening Programs

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasius Moumtzoglou ◽  
Abraham Pouliakis
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Population Health ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Pap Test ◽  
Population Health Management ◽  
Personalized Care ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Care Gaps

Population Health Management (PHM) aims to provide better health outcomes for preventing diseases, closing care gaps and providing more personalized care. Since the inception of the Pap test, cervical cancer (CxCa) decreased in countries applying cervical cancer programs, involving both prevention and treatment. In this article, the authors map the PHM roadmap to the design of cervical cancer screening programs and examine the effect on the supporting information technology systems. Notwithstanding screening programs have a tight relation to PHM; the mapping reveals numerous interventions involving additional data sources, and timeless reconfiguration.

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