scholarly journals Influence of the direct moxibustion and moxa-needle stimulation on the epidermal local-Using the oxidation-reduction potential and hydrogen ion concentration as parameters-

2008 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 654-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsuyuki WATANABE ◽  
Shoji SHINOHARA
Keyword(s):  
Reduction Potential ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Direct Moxibustion ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Oxidation Reduction Potential ◽  
Needle Stimulation

scholarly journals Physiological Studies on Thrips in Relation to Transmission of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus

1954 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 274 ◽  
Author(s):  
MF Day ◽  
H Irzykiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽  
Reduction Potential ◽  
Thrips Tabaci ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Oxidation Reduction Potential ◽  
Wilt Virus

The hydrogen ion concentration of the midguts of larval and adult Thrips tabaci and T. imaginis is between pH 5�0 and 5�6. The oxidation-reduction potential at these values is between + 0�184 and + 0�262 V. There is thus no difference between thrips that are vectors and those that are not vectors of the virus causing tomato spotted wilt. Furthermore, the pH and Eh conditions in the midgut of larval T. tabaci are unsuitable for long survival of the virus.

The Physiology of Hatching of Eggs of Ascaridia galli

1961 ◽  
Vol 35 (S1) ◽  
pp. 151-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. P. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Reduction Potential ◽  
Carbonic Acid ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Ascaridia Galli ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Oxidation Reduction Potential ◽  
Gaseous Carbon Dioxide

The stimulus for the hatching of infective eggs of Ascaridia galli in vitro depended upon the concentration of undissociated carbonic acid plus dissolved gaseous carbon dioxide, the oxidation-reduction potential, and the hydrogen ion concentration. There was considerable overlap in the conditions which favoured the hatching of eggs of Ascaridia galli and Ascaris lumbricoides; both would be expected to hatch in the small intestine of a suitable species of host.

scholarly journals Further micro-injection studies on the oxidation-reduction potential of the cell-interior

1926 ◽  
Vol 99 (698) ◽  
pp. 383-397 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Reduction Potential ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Egg Cell ◽  
Cell Interior ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Oxidation Reduction Potential ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Before And After

In previous communications on this subject (20, 21, 22) we described the results obtained when coloured indicators of known physico-chemical properties were injected into individual living cells. Using a modification of the micromanipulator of Chambers (4), we have worked with various unicellular protozoa and egg-cells, and have been able to draw definite conclusions as to the average hydrogen-ion concentration and the average oxidation-reduction potential of the cell interior. Our first communication dealt with the amœba, and we showed that its internal p H was probably in the neighbourhood of 7.6, while its internal r H (oxidation-reduction potential, 5) was between 17 and 19. Both values are near neutrality, so that this cell could be said to be slightly alkaline and slightly on the electronegative or reducing side of oxidation-reduction neutrality. We next extended our investigation to several types of marine egg-cells before and after fertilisation, and during the early cleavage stages. The changes which the internal p H and r H undergo during these ontogenetic events are very small indeed, and the phylogenetic differences, for example, as between the ovum of the polychsete worm and that of the starfish are correspondingly slight. The egg-cell, then, appeared to have a of about 6.6 and an r H of the order of 21 or 22. It was therefore a little on the acid side of acidbase neutrality and a little on the electropositive side of oxidation-reduction neutrality, differing on both these counts from the amœba. The amœba, therefore, has a higher intensity of reduction than the egg-cell.

scholarly journals The hydrogen-ion concentration and the oxidation-reduction potential of the cell-interior: a micro-injection study

1925 ◽  
Vol 98 (689) ◽  
pp. 259-286 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Gentian Violet ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Oxidation Reduction Potential ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Actual Formation ◽  
Qualitative Estimation

It has been recognised since the middle of the eighteenth century that one of the most fundamental characteristics of living organisms is their capacity to oxidise substances incapable of oxidation at ordinary temperatures; but no qualitative estimation of this power of oxidation was carried out until the time of Ehrlich, whose classical experiments on the injection of methylene blue into the intact animal revealed the fact that certain organs seemed to have a higher reducing power than others. Later, much histo-chemical work was done. Numerous observers studied the effect of staining tissues and cells in reagents which indicated by their colour whether they were reduced or oxidised. Several such indicators were used by the earlier workers, especially alphanaphthol and pyronin and alpha-naphthol and gentian violet; but the two chief methods were the intracellular formation of an indophenol, introduced by Röhmann and Spitzer in 1895 (20), and the oxidation of the leucobase of methylene blue, introduced by Unna in 1911 (23). In the latter case the cell was placed in a solution of the completely reduced dye, and the conclusion was that wherever the blue colour appeared, there the cell had been able to oxidise it. The indophenol method depended on the actual formation and precipitation of a dye in the cell by an oxidative condensation. The original reactants used were dimethylparaphenylenediamine and alpha-naphthol, but various later workers modified this by using other phenols and other aromatic amines, so that indophenols of different colours were produced.

scholarly journals The hydrogen-ion concentration and oxidation-reduction potential of the cell-interior before and after fertilisation and cleavage: A micro-injection study on marine eggs

1926 ◽  
Vol 99 (695) ◽  
pp. 173-199 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Single Cells ◽  
Biological Data ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Reduction Potentials ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Oxidation Reduction Potential ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Egg Membrane ◽  
The Moment

In our previous communications on this subject we have described experiments dealing with the micro-injection of indicators into single cells. In the conclusion to our paper (10 a ) on the p H. and r H of the Amœba, we said, “It is hoped that other biological data will soon be available . . . such problems as the . . . oxidation-reduction potentials of egg-cells before and after fertilisation at once present themselves.” The present paper is devoted to these problems. Warburg (17) and Meyerhof (8), and afterwards other workers, observed an enormous increase in the oxygen-consumption of the egg to take place on fertilisation. Shearer (12) found that this occurred at the moment of contact of the spermatozoon with the egg membrane. In view of the fact that the increase was about 2000 per cent., it was clearly a matter of great interest to determine whether the r H changed at the same time. We have attempted to follow the changes in r H by micro-injection experiments and by staining. The two methods failed to give concordant results for reasons which are discussed in the text.

scholarly journals THE BACTERICIDAL ACTION OF HUMAN SERUM ON HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI

1937 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 617-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
William S. Tillett ◽  
C. Chester Stock
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Sodium Ascorbate ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Constant Ph ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Destructive Action ◽  
Killing Action

Aerobic Tests. Changes in pH Which Occurred during Incubation.—(a) The pH of sterile specimens of both normal and patients' sera increased, during 24 hours incubation, from 8.0–8.8 up to 9.2–9.6. (b) The pH of patients' sera, inoculated with hemolytic streptococci, progressed in the alkaline direction as did the sterile specimens. (c) The pH of normal sera, inoculated with hemolytic streptococci, pursued a variable course at lower levels than the sterile specimens. The differences in the changes in pH which occurred in streptococcidal sera and in normal controls were dependent upon and secondary to the presence or absence of killing action in the specimens. Aerobic Tests. Effect of Different Levels of Hydrogen Ion Concentration, Adjusted at Beginning of Experiment, but Uncontrolled during Period of Incubation.—(a) The streptococcidal activity of patients' sera was inactivated when the hydrogen ion concentration of the specimens was adjusted to levels ranging from 6.4 to 7.4. The inactivation of highly potent samples of sera required a greater reduction in pH than did specimens of moderate killing activity. (b) Normal sera, adjusted to pH 9.2 or higher, exhibited a relatively slowly acting bactericidal process, which seemed to represent the toxic effect of alkalinity. Aerobic Tests. Effect of Glutathione and Sodium Ascorbate.—The streptococcidal action of patients' sera was markedly impaired by the addition of reducing agents. The inactivation was, in general, comparable to that previously obtained under conditions of anaerobiosis. The results, suggesting that some factor pertaining to biological oxidation-reduction may influence the streptococcidal action of sera, have been discussed. Tests Performed in Closed Jars by Means of Which Relatively Constant pH Was Maintained during the Period of Incubation.—Under the experimental conditions which were employed, the effectiveness of the streptococcidal action of patients' sera was maintained only in alkaline ranges. The most potent specimens of sera were active at lower levels of pH (7.9–8.2) than were other samples (8.4–8.8). All of the observations reported in this article were made with a strain of hemolytic streptococcus of the beta type, which is highly sensitive to the destructive action of serum from acutely ill patients.

23. Rusty Spot in Cheddar and other Cheese. III

1931 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. T. R. Mattick ◽  
J. G. Davis ◽  
D. V. Dearden
Keyword(s):  
Pigment Production ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Cheese Making ◽  
Reduction Potentials ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Stimulation Of

Summary1. The most important factor in the growth of the red spot organism in milk is the presence and growth of certain other bacteria. The reason for this is discussed.2. The bacteria most active in metabiotic stimulation of pigment production are those inducing low oxidation-reduction potentials in milk.3. The influence of factors such as variations in the method of manufacture and the composition of the milk and curd on the incidence of the fault have been investigated under practical cheese-making conditions.4. There is no correlation between the hydrogen-ion concentration and other properties of the ripe cheese and the extent of the red spot.5. Measures for the control of red spot have been suggested.

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