scholarly journals Taking out the Trash: On Excavating Settlements in General, and Houses of the Battle Axe Culture in Particular

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-136
Author(s):  
Åsa M. Larsson
Keyword(s):  
Field Method ◽  
Cultural Practice ◽  
Field Methods ◽  
Archaeological Interpretation ◽  
Standard Field ◽  
Prehistoric Settlements ◽  
Taphonomic Processes

Archaeological interpretation rests partly on theory and partly on material remains, and changes in field methods can cause major changes in both areas. Longhouses were virtually unknown on mainland Sweden until the introduction of the excavator machine in the late 1970s. However, this method is biased in that the cultural practice of some periods is favoured at the expense of others. From the Battle Axe culture very few houses and artcfacts have been found, and it has bcen suggested the sitcs were not true settlements. This vicw is challenged by showing that taphonomic processes and cultural practice combine to make this period difficult to identify using the standard field method. Paradoxically, some other periods have no more remains and/or house structures than the Battle Axe period has, but they are not subjected to the same debate. Comparison with Corded Ware sites in Europe provides support for the argument that the scarcity of Battle Axe settlements is mainly due to taphonomic processes. Thc article calls for more reflective field methods on all prehistoric settlements.

scholarly journals Graphical interpretation of analytical data from comparison of a field method with a Reference Method by use of difference plots

1997 ◽  
Vol 43 (11) ◽  
pp. 2039-2046 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per Hyltoft Petersen ◽  
Dietmar Stöckl ◽  
Ole Blaabjerg ◽  
Bent Pedersen ◽  
Erling Birkemose ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Matrix Effects ◽  
Analytical Data ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Field Method ◽  
Analytical Quality ◽  
Field Methods ◽  
Graphical Tool ◽  
Quality Specifications ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Various viewpoints have been offered regarding the appropriate use of scatter plots or difference plots (bias plots or residual plots) in comparing analytical methods. In many of these discussions it seems the basic concepts of identity (within inherent imprecision) and acceptability based on analytical goals (analytical quality specifications) have been forgotten. With the increasing number of Reference Methods in laboratory medicine, these basic concepts are becoming more important in validation of field methods. Here we describe a simple and effective graphical test of these hypotheses (identity and acceptability) by use of difference plots. These plots display the underlying hypothesis before the measured differences are plotted and allow interpretation of the results according to specific criteria. We further describe simple but effective interpretations of the data, when the hypothesis is not fulfilled, by using two data sets drawn from comparisons of field methods for S-creatinine with a Reference Method for this analyte. The difference plot is a graphical tool with related simple statistics for comparison of a field method with a Reference Method, focusing on (a) identity within the inherent analytical imprecision or (b) acceptability within analytical quality specifications. Calculation of the standard deviation of the differences is an indispensable tool for evaluation of aberrant-sample bias (matrix effects).

ADMITTANCE FIELD METHOD FOR THE CALCULATION OF THE SPECTRAL DENSITY OF CURRENT FLUCTUATIONS

2001 ◽  
Vol 01 (01) ◽  
pp. R1-R11 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAVEL SHIKTOROV ◽  
EVGENIJ STARIKOV ◽  
VIKTORAS GRUŽINSKIS ◽  
LUCA VARANI ◽  
JEAN-CLAUDE VAISSIERE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Green Function ◽  
Spectral Density ◽  
Field Method ◽  
Current Fluctuations ◽  
Noise Sources ◽  
Field Methods ◽  
Physical Ground ◽  
Hydrodynamic Calculations ◽  
Gaas Structure ◽  
The Green Function

In the framework of the Green-function formalism the admittance field method is proposed for the calculation of the spectral density of current fluctuations of two and more terminal devices. The usefulness of the theory is illustrated by hydrodynamic calculations performed for a submicron GaAs structure. The unifying property of the formalism evidences the same physical ground of both the admittance and impedance field methods when instantaneous fluctuations of carrier accelerations during scattering events are taken as noise sources.

scholarly journals Null Field and Interior Field Methods for Laplace’s Equation in Actually Punctured Disks

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hung-Tsai Huang ◽  
Ming-Gong Lee ◽  
Zi-Cai Li ◽  
John Y. Chiang
Keyword(s):  
Error Analysis ◽  
Numerical Solutions ◽  
Field Method ◽  
Boundary Integral ◽  
Laplace’S Equation ◽  
Algebraic Equations ◽  
Field Methods ◽  
Laplace's Equation ◽  
Null Field ◽  
Boundary Methods

For solving Laplace’s equation in circular domains with circular holes, the null field method (NFM) was developed by Chen and his research group (see Chen and Shen (2009)). In Li et al. (2012) the explicit algebraic equations of the NFM were provided, where some stability analysis was made. For the NFM, the conservative schemes were proposed in Lee et al. (2013), and the algorithm singularity was fully investigated in Lee et al., submitted to Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements, (2013). To target the same problems, a new interior field method (IFM) is also proposed. Besides the NFM and the IFM, the collocation Trefftz method (CTM) and the boundary integral equation method (BIE) are two effective boundary methods. This paper is devoted to a further study on NFM and IFM for three goals. The first goal is to explore their intrinsic relations. Since there exists no error analysis for the NFM, the second goal is to drive error bounds of the numerical solutions. The third goal is to apply those methods to Laplace’s equation in the domains with extremely small holes, which are called actually punctured disks. By NFM, IFM, BIE, and CTM, numerical experiments are carried out, and comparisons are provided. This paper provides an in-depth overview of four methods, the error analysis of the NFM, and the intriguing computation, which are essential for the boundary methods.

Measurement of acetylcholinesterase in erythrocytes in the field.

1987 ◽  
Vol 33 (10) ◽  
pp. 1731-1735 ◽  
Author(s):  
R A Magnotti ◽  
J P Eberly ◽  
D E Quarm ◽  
R S McConnell
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Carbide ◽  
Blue Light ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
Light Emitting Diode ◽  
Field Method ◽  
Capillary Blood ◽  
Field Methods ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Light Emitting

Abstract We describe here a field method we developed for colorimetry of erythrocytic acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) in capillary blood samples. Three stable, premixed assay reagents and de-ionized water (but no centrifuge or balance) are required. This method, adapted for a microplate format, is essentially that of Ellman et al. (Biochem Pharmacol 1961;7:88-95) as modified by George and Abernethy (Clin Chem 1983;29:365-8). Assays were quantified and corrected for hematocrit by using a battery-powered colorimeter with a silicon carbide (blue) light-emitting-diode source. Advantages over existing field methods include better portability, ruggedness, greater precision, and lower cost per sample.

Validation of Field Methods to Assess Body Fat Percentage in Elite Youth Soccer Players

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (05) ◽  
pp. 349-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Munguia-Izquierdo ◽  
Luis Suarez-Arrones ◽  
Valter Di Salvo ◽  
Victor Paredes-Hernandez ◽  
Julian Alcazar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Field Method ◽  
Effective Field ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Body Fat Percentage ◽  
Prediction Equations ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Field Methods ◽  
Youth Soccer

AbstractThis study determined the most effective field method for quantifying body fat percentage in male elite youth soccer players and developed prediction equations based on anthropometric variables. Forty-four male elite-standard youth soccer players aged 16.3–18.0 years underwent body fat percentage assessments, including bioelectrical impedance analysis and the calculation of various skinfold-based prediction equations. Dual X-ray absorptiometry provided a criterion measure of body fat percentage. Correlation coefficients, bias, limits of agreement, and differences were used as validity measures, and regression analyses were used to develop soccer-specific prediction equations. The equations from Sarria et al. (1998) and Durnin & Rahaman (1967) reached very large correlations and the lowest biases, and they reached neither the practically worthwhile difference nor the substantial difference between methods. The new youth soccer-specific skinfold equation included a combination of triceps and supraspinale skinfolds. None of the practical methods compared in this study are adequate for estimating body fat percentage in male elite youth soccer players, except for the equations from Sarria et al. (1998) and Durnin & Rahaman (1967). The new youth soccer-specific equation calculated in this investigation is the only field method specifically developed and validated in elite male players, and it shows potentially good predictive power.

Studies on the artificial insemination of Merino sheep. I. The effects of frequency and season of insemination, age of the ewe, rams, and milk diluents on lambing performance

1962 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 52 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Salamon ◽  
TJ Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Field Methods ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Standard Field ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
The One

(1) Results of large-scale artificial insemination of Merino sheep (2346 ewes) on a private stud are presented, together with data for seven factorial tests designed to determine effects on fertility, following insemination at one or two successive oestrous periods, of season of insemination, milk diluents, age of ewe, individual ram, and frequency of insemination within a single oestrous period. (2) Insemination in the autumn is more effective than in the spring (79.7 v. 54.7 % of inseminated ewes lambed to insemination over two cycles; P < 0.001). (3) Results for maiden ewes in autumn or spring are 15–20% less than those for older ewes (P < 0.05 to < 0.001). (4) Ewes inseminated with semen of rams producing semen of indistinguishable quality, as gauged by standard field methods, may differ in fertility at a single insemination (P <0.01), but this difference disappears if ewes which return are inseminated by semen of the same rams at the next oestrous period. (5) Dilution of semen to 1.4 with heated cow milk – skim or whole – does not depress fertility. (6) Ewe-milk diluent depresses fertility following a single insemination (68.6 v. 47.3%; P< 0.01). (7) Insemination twice in the one oestrous period may increase fertility by 8–9% (70.3 v. 60.9%; P, N.S.). Such an increase is not worth the additional effort. (8) Fertility with diluted semen is comparable with that reported from eastern and central Europe, provided that ewes are inseminated during the autumn.

Efisiensi Harga Satuan Pekerjaan Konstruksi Gedung Dengan Metode BOW (Burgerlijke Openbare Werken), SNI (Standart Nasional Indonesia) Dan Lapangan

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 99
Author(s):  
Nova Irmayanti ◽  
Ahmad Ridwan ◽  
Yosef Cahyo Setianto Poernomo ◽  
Haris Wicaksono ◽  
Fitry Rahmawaty
Keyword(s):  
Project Management ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Calculation Method ◽  
Construction Management ◽  
Construction Cost ◽  
Field Method ◽  
Unit Price ◽  
Construction Work ◽  
Field Methods ◽  
Efficiency And Effectiveness

Construction management is very necessary in project management. To increase the efficiency and effectiveness of construction development activities, a unit price calculation tool is needed, namely construction cost analysis. Contractors generally make bid prices based on analysis that is not entirely guided by BOW (Burgerlijke Openbare Werken) analysis or SNI (Standart National Indonesia) analysis. Contractors tend to calculate the unit price of work using their own analysis which is based on previous experience in completing a construction work. The purpose of this study was to analyze the unit price of work on the building using the SNI, BOW and Field methods. The work components analyzed in this study are the unit price of materials and wages for partner work and foundation work. In each calculation method used, the most economical cost budget plan is obtained, namely using the field method calculation with the unit price value for the work of a partner, it costs Rp. 509.9996.78 while for foundation work it costs Rp. 722,965.1. By using the field method, a unit price is more economical when compared to BOW and SNI methods. So that these results can be used as a reference in planning the budget for a construction project.

Null field approach to scalar diffraction I. General method

1977 ◽  
Vol 287 (1339) ◽  
pp. 45-78 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Singular Integral ◽  
Arbitrary Shape ◽  
Singular Integral Equations ◽  
Field Method ◽  
Field Equations ◽  
Surface Source ◽  
Field Methods ◽  
Optical Extinction ◽  
Null Field ◽  
Extinction Theorem

Invoking the optical extinction theorem (extended boundary condition) the conventional singular integral equation (for the density of reradiating sources existing in the surface of a totally reflecting body scattering monochromatic waves) is transformed into infinite sets of non-singular integral equations, called the null field equations. There is a set corresponding to each separable coordinate system (we say that we are using the ‘elliptic’, ‘spheroidal’, etc., null field method when we employ 'elliptic cylindrical', ‘spheroidal’, etc., coordinates). Each set can be used to compute the scattering from bodies of arbitrary shape, but each set is most appropriate for particular types of body shape as our computational results confirm. We assert that when the improvements (reported here) are incorporated into it, Waterman’s adaptation of the extinction theorem becomes a globally efficient computational approach. Shafai’s use of conformal transformation for automatically accomodating singularities of the surface source density is incorporated into the cylindrical null field methods. Our approach permits us to use multipole expansions in a computationally convenient manner, for arbitrary numbers of separated, interacting bodies of arbitrary shape. We present examples of computed surface source densities induced on pairs of elliptical and square cylinders.

A Flux-Corrected Phase-Field Method for Surface Diffusion

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 422-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yujie Zhang ◽  
Wenjing Ye
Keyword(s):  
Surface Diffusion ◽  
Phase Field ◽  
Field Method ◽  
Phase Field Method ◽  
Current Phase ◽  
Field Methods ◽  
Degenerate Mobility ◽  
Shrinkage Effect ◽  
Diffusion Motion ◽  
Phase Field Methods

AbstractPhase-field methods with a degenerate mobility have been widely used to simulate surface diffusion motion. However, apart from the motion induced by surface diffusion, adverse effects such as shrinkage, coarsening and false merging have been observed in the results obtained from the current phase-field methods, which largely affect the accuracy and numerical stability of these methods. In this paper, a flux-corrected phase-field method is proposed to improve the performance of phase-field methods for simulating surface diffusion. The three effects were numerically studied for the proposed method and compared with those observed in the two existing methods, the original phase-field method and the profile-corrected phase-field method. Results show that compared to the original phase-field method, the shrinkage effect in the profile-corrected phase-field method has been significantly reduced. However, coarsening and false merging effects still present and can be significant in some cases. The flux-corrected phase field performs the best in terms of eliminating the shrinkage and coarsening effects. The false merging effect still exists when the diffuse regions of different interfaces overlap with each other. But it has been much reduced as compared to that in the other two methods.

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