scholarly journals SEXUAL PREJUDICE AND THE RELEVANCE OF POLITICAL CULTURE: TRENDS AND CORRELATES IN EL SALVADOR

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-65
Author(s):  
Carlos Iván Orellana ◽  
Ligia Orellana
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
El Salvador ◽  
National Level ◽  
Sexual Prejudice ◽  
Political Environment ◽  
Time Analysis ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Democratic Culture ◽  
The Social

The correlates of sexual prejudice –negative attitudes toward gay men, lesbians, and bisexuals– are well-known in the literature, but the relevance of the social-political environment in which these correlates insert has received less attention. This study examines trends and correlates of sexual prejudice in El Salvador, a country frequently ranked as one of the most homophobic in the Americas. Using a representative sample from national-level surveys conducted between 2008 and 2016, it was found that the Salvadorian population displayed high levels of sexual prejudice in this period, although these levels varied significantly over time. Analysis with 2016 data showed that socially precarious conditions, religion, and traditionally gendered worldviews, were positively associated with sexual prejudice. Sexual prejudice also correlated with political and social beliefs that encompass authoritarian and misogynistic tendencies. Three clusters of predictors of sexual prejudice were identified: Religious conventionalism, unsophisticated masculinity background, and deficient democratic socialization. This study supports previous findings about correlates of sexual prejudice while highlighting the lesser-studied role of the social-political environment, and oscillations in a democratic culture, in perpetuating sexual prejudice.

European Legal Culture and WTO Dispute Settlement: Thirty Years of Socio-Legal Transplants from Brussels to Geneva

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-133
Author(s):  
Tommaso Soave
Keyword(s):  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Legal Culture ◽  
The Self ◽  
Political Environment ◽  
Appellate Body ◽  
Wto Dispute Settlement ◽  
The Social ◽  
Trade Measures

Abstract This article argues that the legal culture of EC/EU institutions has made a significant contribution to the ethos, the style, and the tone of WTO dispute settlement bodies. Areas of alignment between the two regimes include the self-perceived role of adjudicators vis-à-vis their political environment and the jurisprudence on the ‘necessity’ of non-trade measures. Based on these premises, the article traces some of the social and professional pathways through which European sensibilities and perspectives have found their way from Brussels (and Luxembourg) to Geneva. In particular, it describes the convergent trajectories of the EC/EU and the GATT/WTO professional communities. The goal of the analysis is to provide a fresh outlook on the ongoing diplomatic stalemate surrounding the future of the Appellate Body and WTO dispute settlement at large.

The Origins of Chancellor Democracy and the Transformation of the German Democratic Paradigm

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Mommsen
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Political Culture ◽  
Democratic Party ◽  
Social Democratic Party ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Constitutional Democracy ◽  
Electoral Support ◽  
Parliamentary Sovereignty ◽  
The Social

The role of Konrad Adenauer in the proceedings of the Parliamentary Council in Bonn and his decision after his election as first federal chancellor not to form a coalition government with the Social Democratic Party paved the way to a fundamental transformation of the traditional German democratic paradigm versus the Anglo-Saxon concept of interaction between government and parliamentary opposition. The inherited pattern of constitutional democracy that had contributed to the structural weaknesses of Weimar parliamentarism was replaced by the concept of an interaction between government and opposition. Political parties took on the primary tasks of securing stable parliamentary majorities and providing sufficient electoral support for the chancellor. Adenauer's resolved political leadership, therefore, was an indispensable contribution to the reorientation of West German political culture from the former distrust of unrestricted parliamentary sovereignty toward Western democratic traditions.

scholarly journals Transmission of climate risks across sectors and borders

2018 ◽  
Vol 376 (2121) ◽  
pp. 20170301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andy J. Challinor ◽  
W. Neil Adger ◽  
Tim G. Benton ◽  
Declan Conway ◽  
Manoj Joshi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
National Level ◽  
Systems Science ◽  
Climate Risks ◽  
Transmission Mechanisms ◽  
The Social ◽  
International Boundaries ◽  
Global Systems

Systemic climate risks, which result from the potential for cascading impacts through inter-related systems, pose particular challenges to risk assessment, especially when risks are transmitted across sectors and international boundaries. Most impacts of climate variability and change affect regions and jurisdictions in complex ways, and techniques for assessing this transmission of risk are still somewhat limited. Here, we begin to define new approaches to risk assessment that can account for transboundary and trans-sector risk transmission, by presenting: (i) a typology of risk transmission that distinguishes clearly the role of climate versus the role of the social and economic systems that distribute resources; (ii) a review of existing modelling, qualitative and systems-based methods of assessing risk and risk transmission; and (iii) case studies that examine risk transmission in human displacement, food, water and energy security. The case studies show that policies and institutions can attenuate risks significantly through cooperation that can be mutually beneficial to all parties. We conclude with some suggestions for assessment of complex risk transmission mechanisms: use of expert judgement; interactive scenario building; global systems science and big data; innovative use of climate and integrated assessment models; and methods to understand societal responses to climate risk. These approaches aim to inform both research and national-level risk assessment.

An Assessment of Peruvian Problems and Progress

1964 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-186
Author(s):  
Ronald H. Chilcote
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
Racial Diversity ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Social ◽  
Alliance For Progress ◽  
Revolutionary Situation ◽  
And Shifts ◽  
The Masses

Today, Peru faces three essential problems: 1) the lack of geographical integration; 2) racial diversity and the failure of restratification among the social classes; and finally, 3) the rising tension generated by population growth and shifts. Within the context of these three problems may be evaluated the role of two “designs” for action — first, the Alliance for Progress and, second, the program of Peru's new government, which, while cooperating with the Alliance's program, is striving for independent, nationalistic action and finds itself confronting an exploding, revolutionary situation created by the masses of Indians unassimilated into the political culture.

Political Science and Democratic Culture: Ernst Fraenkel’s Studies of American Democracy

2003 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 48-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hubertus Buchstein
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
United States ◽  
Political Culture ◽  
Liberal Democracy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Scientist ◽  
American Democracy ◽  
Democratic Culture ◽  
The Social ◽  
Cross Fertilization

Reflecting on his academic exile in the United States, the Germanpolitical scientist Franz L. Neumann emphasized the cross-fertilizationof ideas as a result of the confrontation of different scientific andpolitical cultures.1 According to Neumann, the migration of hundredsof European academics to the United States led to a growinginternationalization of the social sciences and a two-way learningprocess. The Europeans became accustomed to the practice of theAmerican liberal democracy and learned to value its political culture;émigré scholars, on the other hand, brought with them a differentacademic Denkstil and contributed to a more critical self-understandingof American democratic theory.

scholarly journals Intergroup trust and anxiety: the two sides of stigma towards people with Down syndrome

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naira Delgado Rodríguez ◽  
Eva Ariño Mateo ◽  
Verónica Betancor Rodríguez ◽  
Armando Rodríguez-Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
University Students ◽  
Social Perception ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Intergroup Anxiety ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Two Sides

<p>People with Down syndrome experience a type of ambivalent stigmatisation, which combines stereotypes, emotional reactions, and both positive and negative attitudes. The aim of this study is to analyse the relationship between ambivalent attitudes towards people with Down syndrome, and the levels of intergroup trust and anxiety felt towards them. A total of 144 university students completed a questionnaire on their social perception of people with Down syndrome, indicating the extent to which they anticipate an interaction with this group based on trust or anxiety. The results show that responses to people with Down syndrome are ambivalent. Moreover, while intergroup trust is preceded by high levels of admiration and competence, intergroup anxiety is associated with high levels of aversion, compassion and low admiration. We discuss the implications of these results, taking into account how to enhance the social perception of people with Down syndrome, as well as the complex role of compassion in the assessment of stigmatised groups.</p>

scholarly journals THE FINANCES OF THE CIVIL SOCIETY IN UKRAINE: KEY TRENDS, MODELS AND OBSTACLES IN ACHIEVING SUSTAINABILITY

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Social Entrepreneurship ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Civil Society Organizations ◽  
Political Environment ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Political Role ◽  
The Social

The financial viability is one of the most important element in achieving sustainability for a civil society, especially in post-Socialist states of Eastern and Central Europe. Despite positive assessments of the role and potential of civil society in Ukraine from scholars and analysts and comparatively high score of civil society organizations’ sustainability index taking in comparative perspective for a whole region, its financial capabilities remains its weakest part during decades of Ukrainian independence. Having comparatively friendly legal and political environment and achieving some impressive results in advocacy, building coalitions and networks and enhancing its organization capabilities Ukrainian CSOs still remain dependant from international donors. Some shifts in financial resilience of civil society demands not only efforts from its side, but finding a consensus with a state on the model to achieve. Three typical models of interrelations by civil society and government, emerged in contemporary Europe are provided, they could be distinguished based on the social and political role of CSOs and their functions in public services provision. These models based on the scales of institutionalization and level of independence of civil society relatively to the authorities and include Social-democratic (Scandinavian), Liberal (Anglo-Saxon) and Corporativism (Continental) types. Ukrainian civil society, regardless achievements in organizational capacities and sectoral infrastructure, still remains in the «emerging» transitional spot due to the extremely small amount of public funds it attracts and based on uncertainty of its role on national and local level. Perspective destinations for civic-state dialogue are emphasized, among which there are finding the consensus of desired model and adopting new National Strategy of Stimulation Civil Society in Ukraine for next five years, changes in legal framework for local self-government, social entrepreneurship, taxation of charity and means earned by CSO themselves and establishing new practices and institutions for public financing of CSOs on national and regional levels.

scholarly journals Political Culture and Citizen Participation: Transiting from Political Space

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 140-157
Author(s):  
Judith Josefina Hernandez ◽  
Edgar Cordoba ◽  
Ana Cecilia Chumaceiro
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Citizen Participation ◽  
Political Space ◽  
Democratic Culture ◽  
The Public ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Participation Mechanisms

Societies build their interpretation and representation on the different phenomena in their social, historical and political processes, so also the political culture contains a set of beliefs, ideas, myths, norms, which give it identity, values, and ends. Consequently, from the democratic culture, the citizen is encouraged to move in the public space, determined by actions, and practices. As a result of these relationships, participation mechanisms are institutionalized for the emancipation or defense of citizens against the role of the State that is domination. Characterizing the aspects that involve political culture, participation and citizen action in the democratic political space, is the central object of this dissertation. The systematic review, bibliographic, documentary, and critical analysis, facilitate the method and the achievement of results, it is concluded that democracy as a system of government is characterized by its factual expression of representation and participation, this implies a global interaction with negotiation of the scheme of interests between rulers and ruled.

scholarly journals THE LEVEL OF AWARENESS OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING AT KOMENDA COLLEGE OF EDUCATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-67
Author(s):  
Paul Arkorful ◽  
Nana Adam-Yawson ◽  
Sylvester Insaidoo
Keyword(s):  
Survey Design ◽  
College Of Education ◽  
Unique Contribution ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Counselling Services ◽  
The Social ◽  
Educational Programmes ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
Descriptive Survey

Purpose: This study explored the nature of guidance and counselling services available for the students in Komenda College of Education. Methodology: The descriptive survey design was used for the study. A sample of 185 students consisting of 95 level 200 students and 90 level 300 students were sampled from the population. The major instrument used for data collection was questionnaire. Questionnaire was used because it is the most appropriate instrument that could be used to collect data on the variables for the study. Content-related evidence of validity was established for the instrument. The researchers personally administered the questionnaire.  The entry of quantitative data and analysis was done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Findings: The results from the study showed that guidance and counselling services were vibrant and visible in Komenda College of Education. The study revealed that Seventy-five per cent (75%) of the respondents claimed that attitudes of Guidance and Counselling Coordinators and Tutors were very appropriate for counselling services. All types of guidance and counselling services were rendered in the college. The study further revealed that some students had negative attitudes towards accessing guidance and counselling services. Unique Contribution to Practice and Policy: The researchers therefore recommend that, school authorities should be provided with needed logistics for effective guidance and counselling services in schools and colleges. Also, there should be in-service trainings and refresher courses and seminars for guidance and counselling coordinators to up-date their skills in guidance and counselling. Finally, the Ghana Education Service should organise periodic educational programmes for both teachers and students on the role of guidance and counselling in schools and colleges.

Debating Space

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-60
Author(s):  
Laurens E. Tacoma
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
Social Order ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Dynamic ◽  
As If

This chapter analyses the first tension around which Roman political culture revolved: the restricted space for debate. The issue is discussed on the basis of Seneca’s Apocolocyntosis. With the coming of the Principate the number of issues on which the senate could take decisions was reduced, as was its capacity to debate them seriously. At the same time, the emperor positioned himself as the upholder of the social order and as protector of the state’s institutions. As the senate’s functioning was predicated on the voluntary behaviour of its members, this left the senators some agency. The result was a particular social dynamic in which debates were conducted as if nothing had changed, but where both emperor and senators were locked in expectations about each other’s behaviour. In reflecting on the ambiguities, there were two major themes to consider. The first was that there were situations in which the senate had to debate matters that pertained directly to the position of the emperor. The other occurred when the senate debated its own membership. Both not only revolved around the senate’s capacity to debate these matters in a serious way, but both also raised the issue of the role of imperial intervention. How much space for debate was left? The Apocolocyntosis brilliantly explored both.

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