Modern Bulgarian Literature and the Turkish Loan Words

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 320-334
Author(s):  
Sadik Haci ◽  
Zeynep Zafer
Keyword(s):  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Valuable Contribution ◽  
Loan Words ◽  
Turkish Origin

To the Turkish words in the official Bulgarian Language today there is a negative attitude. The presence in the Bulgarian literary language of great number of lexemes of Turkish origin, which are not recognised from the big part of society, even specialists, as Turkish and which do not have Bulgarian counterparts, is not acknowledged as a valuable contribution to the basic lexical fund. The interest is focused on the usage of some Turkish words with pejorative meaning in journalistic and everyday speech. The function and the stylistic-emotional characteristics of the Turkish loan words in the present artistic texts are not researched.In the paper the Turkish words in the artistic debut of the contemporary writer Hasan Efraimоv „Dervis’ Karakondzhul“(evil ghost) presenting the representatives of Turkish cultural and linguistic environment, having specific national colour, are analysed. To the Turkish words in the official Bulgarian Language today there is a negative attitude. The presence in the Bulgarian literary language of great number of lexemes of Turkish origin, which are not recognised from the big part of society, even specialists, as Turkish and which do not have Bulgarian counterparts, is not acknowledged as a valuable contribution to the basic lexical fund. The interest is focused on the usage of some Turkish words with pejorative meaning in journalistic and everyday speech. The function and the stylistic-emotional characteristics of the Turkish loan words in the present artistic texts are not researched. In the paper the Turkish words in the artistic debut of the contemporary writer Hasan Efraimоv „Dervis’ Karakondzhul“(evil ghost) presenting the representatives of Turkish cultural and linguistic environment, having specific national colour, are analysed.

scholarly journals Stolen Honor

2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 126-128
Author(s):  
Rachel Newcomb
Keyword(s):  
Muslim Women ◽  
Valuable Contribution ◽  
Turkish Origin ◽  
Muslim Men ◽  
The Media ◽  
Muslims In Europe

With Stolen Honor: Stigmatizing Muslim Men in Berlin, anthropologistKatherine Ewing has made a timely and valuable contribution to the literatureon Muslims in Europe. Ewing explores the stigmatization of Muslimsof Turkish origin in light of multiple societal controversies ranging fromhonor killings to citizenship tests meant to determine who can belong to theGerman nation.While the focus in both the popularmedia and social scienceliterature has typically been on Muslim women in western societies, StolenHonor offers a novel perspective on men, who are usually overlooked bysocial scientists and demonized by the media ...

scholarly journals Metrical Verse as a Rule of Qur’anic Translation: Some Reflections on R.A.A. Wiranatakoesoemah’s Soerat Al-Baqarah (1888–1965)

2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 439
Author(s):  
Jajang A Rohmana
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Loan Words ◽  
Poetic Translation ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
Creative Effort

The paper aims to analyze how literary translations of the Quran can grasp the meaning of the Quran and ‘subordinate’ it to local poetry rules, using R.A.A. Wiranatakoesoema’s Soerat Al-Baqarah as the object of study. It is a Sundanese poetic translation of the Quran in the form of guguritan or dangding and as such this study is focused on the implications of canto rules to the Quranic meaning field in the translation, analyzed using intertextual studies and semantic analysis. This research shows that the use of guguritan in the translation of the Quran might cause a problem of inaccessibility of the translated meaning. There are some implications of subordination of the translation of the Quran following the rules of guguritan. This tradition affected the expansion or constriction of the meaning, which in turn caused modification within the verses (ayat) in translation, and forced the use of loan words, particularly Malay. This study is significant not merely for demonstrating a diglossic ideology on language of the Quran that has affected Sundanese literature, but also for strengthening the thesis that ‘Sundanization’ of the Quran was performed as a form of resistance against Islam and Arabness through cultural impulses—especially Sundanese literature. Wiranatakoesoema’s Soerat Al-Baqarah is a creative effort that should be appreciated, but it must be noted that literary language can never be completely satisfactorily compared and translated.[Tulisan ini menjelaskan bagaimana penerjemahan al-Quran dapat mencapai makna seutuhnya dengan ‘menurunkan’ standarnya sesuai aturan susastra lokal, yang tersirat pada pengkajian Soerat Al-Baqarah karya R.A.A Wiranatakoesoema. Terjemahan surat ini merupakan alih bahasa dalam bentuk susastra Sunda yang disebut dengan guguritan atau dangding. Tulisan ini berfokus pada implikasi aturan pupuh pada medan makna penerjemahan al-Quran dengan menggunakan analisis intertekstual dan semantik. Dalam kajian ini menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan guguritan dalam penerjemahan al-Quran dapat menyebabkan persoalan ketidaksampaian makna terjemahan. Terdapat beberapa implikasi antara lain ‘subordinasi’ pada terjemahan. Hal ini disebabkan oleh perluasan atau penyempitan makna akibat modifikasi dalam penerjemahan ayat dan pemaksaan dalam peminjaman kata, khususnya Melayu. Kajian ini penting karena tidak hanya menunjukkan konsep diglosia dalam terjemahan al-Quran akibat pengaruh bahasa Sunda, tetapi juga menguatkan pendapat bahwa ‘Sundanisasi’ merupakan usaha resistensi terhadap Islam dan Arab melalui susastra Sunda. Karya Wiranatakoesoema layak untuk diapresiasi sebagai usaha kreatif, meskipun perlu dicatat bahwa bahasa susastra tak akan cukup memuaskan untuk dibandingkan atau diterjemahkan. ]

scholarly journals Verschiedene sprichwörtliche Redensarten – the First Croatian Phraseological Dictionary

Kalbotyra ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 92-103
Author(s):  
Barbara Kovačević ◽  
Barbara Štebih Golub
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Valuable Contribution ◽  
Systematic Treatment ◽  
Selection Principles ◽  
Contemporary Practice ◽  
The 19Th Century

The first Croatian phraseological dictionary, compiled in German under the title Verschiedene sprichwörtliche Redensarten was published as a part of the conversational manual accompanying the last published grammar of the Kajkavian literary language, Grammatik der kroatischen Mundart. Its author, Ignac Kristijanović, had accomplished this pioneering undertaking against the contemporary practice, listing the idioms as separate phraseological units in form of a small phraseological dictionary, and not within the dictionary entries of the general dictionary. The paper deals with the macro- and microstructure of Kristijanović’s dictionary within the theoretical framework of the so-called Zagreb School of Phraseology (Menac, Fink-Arsovski).On the macrostructural level, the analysis focuses on the selection principles of the included units and their order in the dictionary. Special attention is paid to the question which material is included, ie. whether the dictionary contains only idioms defined in accordance with today’s phraseological theory and whether the author makes a distinction between idioms and other fixed multi-word expressions (collocations, proverbs).On the microstructural level, it is being examined which form of a idiom is taken as a lemma and how the Kajkavian idioms are translated on the German side of the dictionary (an equivalent German idiom; a German idiom and the explanation of its meaning; the description of the situation in which the idiom is being used). In addition, the question of dealing with synonymous idioms is discussed.In spite of a sporadically non-systematic treatment of structurally similar idioms as dictionary units, and taking into consideration that the Verschiedene sprichwörtliche Redensarten was compiled in the first half of the 19th century, Kristijanović’s dictionary can be viewed as an interesting and valuable contribution to Croatian and Slavic phraseology and phraseography.

scholarly journals Dynamic Processes in the Russian Language of the Coronavirus Era

2021 ◽  
pp. 33-39
Author(s):  
Elena I. Golovanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Semantics ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Dynamic Processes ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
New Words ◽  
Loan Words ◽  
Current Events ◽  
Active Processes ◽  
Working Distance ◽  
The Russian Language

This article considers the active processes occurring in the Russian language during the coronavirus pandemic. Specific changes in the vocabulary are described, new phenomena in lexical semantics in various spheres of communication are identified. Primary attention is given to the changes in the active vocabulary of the literary language, the sources of new words, and the assimilation of foreign borrowings that are highly relevant for communication in this period. According to the author, the most important processes taking place in the Russian language include intellectualization of the common literary language, i.e. the introduction of highly specialized terms of medicine, virology, and immunotherapy (saturation, contagiousness, antibodies, etc.); activation of a number of words due to the current events (regime, quarantine, vaccine, etc.) and expansion of their collocations; active derivational processes in the course of assimilation of loan words (covid, coronavirus, pandemic, etc.) and adaptation of existing words to the new reality (remote working, distance learning, etc.); actualization of individual lexical and grammatical categories of words (substantivized adjectives and nouns ending in -tion); dynamic processes in lexical semantics (semantic neologisms, enantiosemy); formation of multicomponent synonym sets and variants of nomination (covid, coronavirus, new coronavirus infection, etc.); widespread use of figurative names (red zone, peak in morbidity, immune response, viral load, second wave, etc.). Concrete examples show that the new reality has expanded the range of social practices, whose language reflects the values and pragmatic attitudes characteristic of the current moment.

scholarly journals Lainasanojen vaikutus suomen kirjakielen johtomorfologiaan.

Virittäjä ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 123 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsi-Maria Nummila
Keyword(s):  
Language Planning ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Derivational Morphology ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Diachronic Study ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Central Purpose ◽  
Over Time

Johtimien suuri määrä on kuulunut suomen kielen ominaispiirteisiin kautta aikojen. Suomi on ollut kirjallisilla vuosisadoilla eli 1500-luvulta nykypäivään johdin-ainesten suhteen hyvin omavarainen, mutta tästä huolimatta kieleen on omaksuttu laina-sanaston mukana muutamia johtimia. Tässä artikkelissa tarkastellaan, kuinka kirjallisena aikana lainatut johtimet on omaksuttu suomen sananmuodostukseen, milloin vierasperäisellä johtimella on alettu muodostaa uutta sanastoa ja minkälaista johtimen käyttö on eri aikoina ollut. Tutkimuksen keskeisenä tehtävänä on selvittää lainaamisen taustalla oleva motivaatio: miksi ja mihin funktioon runsasjohtiminen kieli on lainannut muilta? Tutkimuksen keskiös-sä ovat sekä omalähtöiselle sanan-muodostukselle mallin tarjonneet lainasanat että näiden mukaan muodostettu uusi sanasto. Yksityis-kohtaisen tarkastelun kohteena ovat lainaperäiset nna- ja isti-johtimet. Vertailun vuoksi tarkastellaan lisäksi skA-, tAr- ja ismi-johdoksia. Suomen lainajohtimet edustavat semanttisesti ja rakenteellisesti kielissä tyypillisesti lainautuvia johtimia. Ne osoittautuvatkin lainatuiksi myös niissä kielissä, joista ne on omaksuttu suomeen. Johdinainesten lainaaminen suomen kieleen on sidoksissa yhteiskunnan muutoksiin, kirjakielistymiseen ja uusien ilmaisu-keinojen tarpeeseen. Semanttisiin tarpeisiin vastaamisen lisäksi lainajohtimilla on voitu täydentää oma-peräistä sananmuodostussysteemiä niiltä osin kuin siinä on produktiivisuuteen vaikuttavia rajoitteita. Yleisesti ottaen suomen ei ole lainattu johtimia ilman syytä ja tarvetta. Kielenohjailu on suhtautunut lainaperäisiin johtimiin torjuvasti, mikä on osaltaan vaikuttanut niiden vakiintumiseen. Tuoreiden ja innovatiivisten johdosten muodostusta se ei kuitenkaan ole estänyt. The impact of loanwords on the derivational morphology of written Finnish: Diachronic study on the borrowing of suffixes during the literary centuries An abundance of derivational morphology has been a characteristic of the Finnish language throughout the ages. During the literary centuries (from the 16th century to the present), Finnish has been particularly self-sufficient in terms of suffixes. There are, however, a few suffixes that have been adopted into Finnish. The present study examines how these few borrowed derivative elements were adopted into native Finnish word formation, when the foreign suffixes began to be used for lexical innovations, and how these elements have been used over time. The central purpose of this diachronic study is to map the motivations behind the borrowing: why and to what purpose does a language with a significant amount of derivational morphology borrow affixes from other languages? The study focuses on loanwords that have provided a model for native word formation as well as lexical innovations in Finnish through these models. Specific focus is given to the loan suffixes -nna and -isti. For comparison the suffixes -skA, -tAr, and -ismi will also be examined. The borrowed suffixes of Finnish are semantically and structurally representative of the kinds of affixes typically borrowed across languages. The same suffixes were first borrowed into the languages from which they were borrowed into Finnish. The adoption of suffixes into the Finnish language is connected to changes in society, the development of the literary language, and the need for new means of expression. In addition to meeting semantic needs, borrowed suffixes have also been used to complement the native system of word formation in places where any limitations affecting productivity exist. In general, suffixes have not been borrowed into Finnish without a specific purpose or need. Language planning in Finland has traditionally had quite a negative attitude towards borrowed suffixes, and this has had an effect on such suffixes becoming established in the language. However, such attitudes have not prevented the formation of new and innovative derivatives.

scholarly journals LOANS OF WORD IN SYNONYMY OF THE TATAR LANGUAGE

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kasemu Shermaymayti ◽  
Alfiya Sh. Yusupova ◽  
Elvira N. Denmukhametova ◽  
Ayşen Uslu Bayramli
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Features ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Semantic Description ◽  
Loan Words ◽  
Bilingual Dictionaries ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Turkic Languages ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Insight Into

The vocabulary of each language consists of words that enable people to call the things they see and express their attitude towards them, characterize and compare them with the others. To do it, one uses lexical and grammatical means of native language and the borrowed ones from other kindred languages and unrelated languages. If in the beginning these “foreign” words are perceived as exoticisms, with time, without suspecting of their foreign origin, they can enter into its active lexical fund, take a place in dictionaries, be actively used in oral and written speech. However, they may be forgotten, not accepted by the canons of the language, or become archaisms and historicisms. The relevance of the study is explained by the tasks of revealing the role of the activity of loan words with the synonymy of the Tatar language. The article presents the materials that reflect the experience of research of the teachers of the Kazan Federal University in cooperation with the colleagues from other countries on the study of Turkic languages, including the Tatar language in synchrony and diachrony. It is well known that the etymological affinity of the borrowed lexicon from different languages is not the same, as well as their morphological and semantic features. If the most active words are the words related to nouns and adjectives, then verb forms in Turkic languages are rarely borrowed. This paper aim is a lexico-semantic description of the synonymous connections of the verbs with borrowed stems in the Tatar language, as one of the representatives of the Turkic world. During the research, the authors got insight into modern works of Russian and foreign authors on linguistics, philology; analyzed the lexical material fixed in bilingual dictionaries and in “The Dictionary of Synonyms” of the Tatar language; made comparisons of the dictionary fund and practical Tatar speech; revealed the basic tendencies of development of the modern literary language.

Sogdian Loan-words in New Persian

1940 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. B. Henning
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Loan Words ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The One

It is well known what an extraordinary power of absorbing foreign words Persian possesses. In addition to the innumerable Arabic words which since the creation of the New Persian literary language have formed an integral part of Persian speech, we have a fair number of Aramaic words 1 on the one hand, and of Eastern Iranian words on the other; in later times, there is also considerable borrowing from Turkish. It is, I think, proper to regard Eastern Iranian words in Persian as “loan-words” in the same way as, say, Arabic or Aramaic words; for no Eastern Iranian language is amongst the constituent dialects of Modern Persian, which can perhaps best be defined as the descendant of the current language of culture and commerce which developed in Persia during the Sasanian era. So far, little attention has been paid to the Eastern Iranian words in Persian. Horn, in his excellent paper on the New Persian literary language, quoted examples such as Balaχšān, Hilmand, fiš “mane”, fay, fuy “idol”, malaχ “locust”, bilist “span”, lōγḻdan “to milk”, etc., words whose phonetic habitus does not agree with the normal Persian development. To-day we are in a much more fortunate position since the Sogdian language has gradually become known to us: seen from Persia, Sogdian was by far the most important Eastern Iranian language, a language of culture, literature, and commerce, whose territory bordered on the area of Persian speech and extended towards the frontiers of China.

scholarly journals Serbian terms for property 1804-1918

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 729-744
Author(s):  
Uroš Stanković
Keyword(s):  
Great Degree ◽  
The Other ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
Loan Words ◽  
The Subject

The subject of the article are Serbian terms for 'property' used between 1804 and 1918. The author put forward the words with the meaning 'property', exposed some of the sources in which these terms could be found and tried to determine their etymology. The paper also sheds light on the terms meaning 'coproperty'. The words denoting 'property' were following: baština, vlasništvo, vlas(t) nost, vlast, vlastbina/vlazbina, vlastitost/vlastitošt, vlastitstvo/vlaštitstvo, vlaština, gospodarstvo/gosudarstvo, imanje, imaostvo, imovina, pritjažanije/pritežanije, pritjažavanje, svojina and sobstvenost/sopstvenost. In the texts dating from aforementioned period, 'coproperty' can be found under following terms - susvojina, suvlas(t)nost, suvlaština, sogospodarsvo, sasobstvenost, sogospodarstvo, imaostvo and smesništvo. Such large number of words prove a great degree of roaming in building Serbian terms for 'property' and 'coproperty'. Moreover, some of the terms have dublets being the result of parallel existence of three types of literary language among the Serbs (Church Slavonic of Russian recension and Slavonic-Serbian) and dialectal varieties, which brought about even greater diversity of the terminology for 'property'. Serbian words prevail among the terms. Some of them were derived from an other Serbian word, as the other are calques. Root words of the derivatives are mostly noun vlast ('power, authority') and verb imati ('to have'), the terms semantically expressing the meaning of property the best. In some cases the words for 'property' were forged by broadening or narrowing the genuine meaning of a certain word (for instance, sobstvenost, the word coming from Russian recension of Church Slavonic, originally meant 'the thing belonging to somebody' and thence became 'property'). The calques were formed on either German or Latin words, which is understandable, taking into consideration that Serbian educated lawyers, forgers of the terms, originated from Habsburg Monarchy. The quality of some calques might be considered debateable, neverthess the efforts to make Serbian terms instead of borrowing foreign words are praiseworthy. Loan words for 'property' had come to Serbian from Russian recension of Church Slavonic and were constantly getting more Serbian shape as the time progressed, which was the general tendency in Serbian language at that time.

scholarly journals About Lexical Differences between Old Shtokavian Croatian and New Shtokavian Serbian Dialects

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (8) ◽  
pp. 185-198
Author(s):  
E. I. Yakushkina
Keyword(s):  
Main Part ◽  
Loan Words ◽  
Turkish Origin ◽  
The Village

The article deals with lexical differences between two Shtokavian Serbo-Croatian dialects: the dialect of the village Siche (Slavonia, Croatia) which belongs to archaic Slavonian dialect, and the dialect of the village of Gospodjinci (Voyvodina, Serbia) belonging to the innovative Shumadia-Voyvodina dialect. The study is actual because there are no dialect atlases of Serbo-Croatian territory and detailed descriptions of lexical features of different Shtokavian dialects.  The study uses the lexical material collected specially on the base of the questionnaire of the Serbian-Croatian dialect Atlas. The article compares the differential vocabulary of questionnaires from two named villages. The analysis shows that the main part of differential lexems in two dialects are loan words, mainly of Turkish origin, which replaced in the Voyvodina dialect the Slavic words preserved in Slavonia. Among the lexical differences there are a number of proto-Slavic synonyms, which presumably contrasted various proto-Serbo-Croatian dialects at the beginning of the second Millennium. The words of later origin based on Slavic roots are not very important in the lexical opposition of the two dialects. From geolingustic point of vew Slavonian and Voyvodina dialects present an opposition of Western and Eastern Shtokavian.

Party preferences and political participation: the emergence of the Turkish-origin German voter

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-40
Author(s):  
Vera Eccarius-Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Political Participation ◽  
Voting Behavior ◽  
Green Party ◽  
Missed Opportunities ◽  
Social Democrats ◽  
Political Landscape ◽  
Turkish Origin ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Future ◽  
Specific Interests

The article examines trends in voting preferences and voting behavior of Turkish-origin German voters. Despite only representing a small percentage of the total German electorate, Turkish-origin voters are gaining an opportunity to shape the future political landscape. While the Social Democrats have benefited most directly from the minority constituency so far, this author suggests that the Green Party is poised to attract the younger, better educated, and German-born segment of the Turkish-origin voters. All other dominant national parties have ignored this emerging voting bloc, and missed opportunities to appeal to Turkish-origin voters by disregarding community-specific interests. 

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