Effect of Forward Masking on Frequency Following Response as a Function of Age

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvana Maria Sobral Griz ◽  
Denise C. Menezes ◽  
Leonardo Gleygson A. Venˆancio ◽  
Nath´alia H. da Fonsˆeca ◽  
Tha´ıs O. do Nascimento ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Aging Effect ◽  
Forward Masking ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Electrophysiological Recordings ◽  
Senior Population ◽  
Insert Earphones

Background: Forward masking occurs when noise is presented before the target signal, making thelatter difficult to be perceived. It is related to temporal auditory processing and consequently to speechrecognition in noisy environments, which may decline with age. Interest in forward masking has grown inthe last years. Studies investigate psychoacoustic and electrophysiological recordings in different age groups.<br />Purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of forward masking on frequency followingresponse (FFR) as a function of age.<br />Research Design: Cross-sectional analytical observational study.<br />Study Sample: We assessed 69 normal-hearing participants of both genders assigned to three groups: 40young individuals (aged 18–25 years,mean age = 22 years, 8 months), 21 middle-age individuals (aged 25–55years, mean age = 37 years, 2 months), and 8 seniors (aged < 55 years, mean age = 65 years, 3 months).<br />Intervention: FFRs were recorded using the /da/ syllable with and without noise.<br />Data Collection and Analysis: The /da/ syllable and speech-shaped noise were monaurally presentedto the participants’ right ears through ER-3a insert earphones. Electrodes were placed in M1 and M2 (-),Fz (+), and Fpz (ground). Acquisition occurred under two conditions: (1) the /da/ syllable presented withoutthe noise and (2) the /da/ syllable presented 4 msec after the noise.<br />Results: Data show that (1) considering the mean values of all participants, there was a significant latencydelay of all waves (PV, A, PW, PX, PY, PZ, and O) when the /da/ syllable was presented 4 msecafter the masking noise as compared with the condition without noise, that is, forward masking occurredin all components of the FFR responses, and (2) for the youngest group and the middle-age group, forwardmasking was seen for all waves, except PX in the latter one; for the senior group, an irregular patternwas observed (presence of forward masking in PA, PY, PZ, and O). This pattern may be due to an agingeffect on FFR responses even without noise presence, which makes it more difficult to identify forwardmasking effect in this population. Although it is well documented in the literature that forward maskingincreases with age, this is less evident on FFR recordings in the senior population.<br />Conclusions: An aging effect was identified in FFR responses. Forward masking was identified in FFRresponses of all groups but less evident in senior population.<br />

scholarly journals Effect of Forward Masking on Frequency Following Response as a Function of Age

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (05) ◽  
pp. 317-323
Author(s):  
Silvana Maria Sobral Griz ◽  
Denise Costa Menezes ◽  
Leonardo Gleygson Angelo Venâncio ◽  
Nathália Holanda da Fonsêca ◽  
Thaís Ohanny do Nascimento ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Aging Effect ◽  
Forward Masking ◽  
Masking Effect ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Frequency Following Response ◽  
Senior Population

Abstract Background Forward masking occurs when noise is presented before the target signal, making the latter difficult to be perceived. It is related to temporal auditory processing and consequently to speech recognition in noisy environments, which may decline with age. Interest in forward masking has grown in the last years. Studies investigate psychoacoustic and electrophysiological recordings in different age- groups. Purpose The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of forward masking on frequency following response (FFR) as a function of age. Research Design Cross-sectional analytical observational study. Study Sample We assessed 69 normal-hearing participants of both genders assigned to three groups: 40 young individuals (aged 18-25 years, mean age = 22 years 8 months), 21 middle-age individuals (aged 25-55 years, mean age = 37 years 2 months), and 8 seniors (aged <55 years, mean age = 65 years 3 months). Intervention FFRs were recorded using the /da/ syllable with and without noise. Data Collection and Analysis The /da/ syllable and speech-shaped noise were monaurally presented to the participants' right ears through ER-3a insert earphones. Electrodes were placed in M1 and M2 (-), Fz (+), and Fpz (ground). Acquisition occurred under two conditions: (1) the/da/ syllable presented without the noise and (2) the /da/ syllable presented 4 msec after the noise. Results Data show that (1) considering the mean values of all participants, there was a significant latency delay of all waves (PV, A, PW, PX, PY, PZ, and O) when the /da/ syllable was presented 4 msec after the masking noise as compared with the condition without noise, that is, forward masking occurred in all components of the FFR responses, and (2) for the youngest group and the middle-age group, forward masking was seen for all waves, except PX in the latter one; for the senior group, an irregular pattern was observed (presence of forward masking in PA, PY, PZ, and O). This pattern may be due to an aging effect on FFR responses even without noise presence, which makes it more difficult to identify forward masking effect in this population. Although it is well documented in the literature that forward masking increases with age, this is less evident on FFR recordings in the senior population. Conclusions An aging effect was identified in FFR responses. Forward masking was identified in FFR responses of all groups but less evident in senior population.

scholarly journals Demographic and social correlates and indicators for behavioural compliance with personal protection among Chinese community-dwellers during COVID-19: a cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. e041453
Author(s):  
Xin Xu ◽  
Kimberly Ann Chew ◽  
Xiaolin Xu ◽  
Zhihua Wu ◽  
Xiaohua Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Age ◽  
Social Indicators ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Personal Protection ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Community Dwellers

ObjectivesExamine compliance with personal protective measures in communities for the prevention and control of local transmission of the COVID-19, and explore indicators for such behavioural compliance.DesignCross-sectional design with a self-selecting sample. Data collected in February 2020.SettingCommunity dwellers in China.Participants2956 participants aged 16 and above completed the study and were included in the analysis.Outcome measuresNationwide COVID-19 survey. Demographics and self-reported compliance with four personal protective measures—home quarantine, mask-wearing, temperature-taking and hand-sanitising were collected. Outbreak severity and timeliness of personal protection order were obtained from the China Center for Disease Control and Prevention website. Logistic regression models were employed to examine the association between demographic and social indicators and behavioural compliance.ResultsCompliance with home quarantine was only associated with gender (men, OR=0.61 (0.51–0.73), inverse association) but no other indicators. In contrast, men had higher compliance with mask-wearing (OR=1.79 (1.49–2.16)) and temperature-taking (OR=1.27 (1.05–1.53)). Compared with younger adults (≤20 years), the middle-age groups (31–40 and 41–50 years of age) were more compliant with all protective behaviours, except for home quarantine (OR=0.71 (0.54–0.93) and 0.67 (0.46–0.97), respectively).ConclusionMale gender was associated with lower compliance with home quarantine yet higher compliance with mask-wearing and temperature-taking. The middle-age participants (31–50 years) had lower compliance with home quarantine but higher with other measures. These findings may be supported by the economic considerations and the long-inherited Confucian values among Chinese. In light of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, public health authorities should tailor policy implementation to disparities in psychosocial indicators.

scholarly journals Relation of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status with skeletal muscle mass by sex and age group among Korean adults

2015 ◽  
Vol 114 (11) ◽  
pp. 1838-1844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Jung Ko ◽  
Sungha Yun ◽  
Kyungwon Oh ◽  
Kirang Kim
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
High Serum ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
25 Hydroxyvitamin D

AbstractThe objective of this study was to examine whether high serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration was associated with high skeletal muscle mass, taking into account the effects of sex and age among the participants of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) aged 40 years or older. This was a cross-sectional study using data from the 2009 to 2010 KNHANES; a total of 8406 subjects (3671 men and 4735 women) were included. The appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMMI, kg/m2) was estimated to measure the skeletal muscle mass. Hypovitaminosis was classified when the level of serum 25(OH)D was <20 ng/ml. The general linear model adjusted for confounding factors was used to determine differences in means of ASMMI by 25(OH)D status. The mean values of ASMMI were higher for men when compared with women. Women had a greater proportion of hypovitaminosis (71·1 %) compared with men (53·2 %). After adjusting for multiple factors, men were seen to have significant differences in ASMMI based on 25(OH)D status regardless of age, showing a lower mean value of ASSMI in those with hypovitaminosis. However, there was no difference in ASMMI by 25(OH)D status among women in both younger and older age groups. In conclusion, we found that there might be a positive relationship between 25(OH)D and skeletal muscle mass in men, indicating that interventions to improve 25(OH)D levels that are aimed at increasing muscle mass could be beneficial for men with more rapid decreased rate of skeletal muscle mass.

scholarly journals Using a screening tool to identify the auditory behavior of students who are learning to read and write

Revista CEFAC ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulia Ádni Viana Santos ◽  
Maria Luiza Lopes Timóteo de Lima ◽  
Manoelina Xavier Cavalcante ◽  
Leonardo Gleygson Angelo Venâncio ◽  
Cleide Fernandes Teixeira
Keyword(s):  
School Performance ◽  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Screening Tool ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Learning To Read ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Auditory Behavior

ABSTRACT Purpose: to analyze the use of a screening tool, by teachers, to identify the auditory behavior of students who are learning to read and write. Methods: a cross-sectional study including 22 students who answered the Fisher’s Auditory Problems Checklist (QFISHER). The analysis of this questionnaire approached the categories of hearing, attention, memory, language, and school performance. The chi-square statistical test and Mann-Whitney test were used to compare the scores between the age groups, considering the 5% significance level. Results: school performance had the worst frequency in QFISHER (87.72%), followed by attention (62.10%), language (60.53%), and hearing (59.65%). The median revealed worse assessment in school performance (100.0%) followed by attention (60.0%). The QFISHER overall score was 66.7%. The comparison between age groups did not reveal any significant difference for the domains assessed. Conclusion: the QFISHER, used by teachers, as a screening tool for children who are learning to read and write, can identify behavioral changes suggestive of auditory processing disorder, broadening the possibility of early interventions.

scholarly journals Normal interpupillary, inner canthal distance and outer canthal distance in a normal population of Pakistan

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nausheen Hayat ◽  
Saba Alkhairy ◽  
Alyscia Cheema ◽  
Muneeb Ehsan ◽  
Muhammad Athar Khan
Keyword(s):  
Normal Population ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Normative Values ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pakistani Population ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

Objective: This study was conducted to quantify the normal indices of anthropometric measures related to ophthalmology including Interpupillary distance (IPD), Inner canthal distance (ICD), Outer canthal distance (OCD) in a normal, healthy Pakistani population. Methods: This is a cross sectional study. Total 500 patients were chosen randomly but 499 were included in this study. Patients were selected randomly in an outpatient department of Jinnah Post Graduate Medical Centre Karachi, over the period of five months. IPD, ICD & OCD all measurements were taken with the help of plastic rule by only one researcher to minimize chances of error as much as possible. IPD was reconfirmed from auto refractometer while ICD and OCD readings were taken twice by occluding one eye of researcher to reduce error. Participants were divided into four categories on basis of: Age, Gender, ethnicity and geographical location. Patients were further categorized on basis of Ethnicity to Urdu Speaking, Sindhi, Punjabi, Pathan, and others. Moreover, four age groups were drawn ranging from 15-24 years, 25-44 years, 45-64 years and 65 years and greater. Results: Our study comprised a total of 499 patents of which 272(54.5%) were males, and 227(45.5%) were females. The mean age of the participants was 39.3 ± 14.5 years. The mean values for the IPD, ICD and OCD in mm were 61.8 ± 6.2, 30.9 ± 2.9 and 85.2 ± 6.6 respectively. A statistically significant difference was observed between IPD, ICD and OCD Indices among male and female study participants (p<0.001, p=0.043, p<0.001). While comparing the IPD, ICD and OCD indices amongst the different ethnic groups, we found no statistically significant difference (p=0.09. p=0.28, p=0.06). Overall, there was no correlation between the age and other variables i.e. IPD, ICD, OCD, (r = 0.07, p = 0.085), (r = 0.005, p = 0.906), (r = -0.08, p = 0.058). Conclusion: This work has recommended normative values of IPD, ICD and OCD in Pakistani population on the basis different variables including gender, age, and ethnicity. How to cite this:Hayat N, Alkhairy S, Cheema A, Ehsan M, Khan MA. Normal interpupillary, inner canthal distance and outer canthal distance in a normal population of Pakistan. Pak J Med Sci. 2019;35(1):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.1.288 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

scholarly journals Age-Associated Differences of Modules and Hubs in Brain Functional Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yinghui Zhang ◽  
Yin Wang ◽  
Nan Chen ◽  
Man Guo ◽  
Xiuzhen Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Young Group ◽  
Brain Dysfunction ◽  
Modular Organization ◽  
Functional Networks ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Age Related

Healthy aging is usually accompanied by changes in the functional modular organization of the human brain, which may result in the decline of cognition and underlying brain dysfunction. However, the relationship between age-related brain functional modular structure differences and cognition remain debatable. In this study, we investigated the age-associated differences of modules and hubs from young, middle and old age groups, using resting-state fMRI data from a large cross-sectional adulthood sample. We first divided the subjects into three age groups and constructed an individual-level network for each subject. Subsequently, a module-guided group-level network construction method was applied to form a weighted network for each group from which functional modules were detected. The intra- and inter-modular connectivities were observed negatively correlated with age. According to the detected modules, we found the number of connector hubs in the young group was more than middle-age and old group, while the quantity of provincial hubs in middle-age group was discovered more than other two groups. Further ROI-wise analysis shows that different hubs have distinct age-associated trajectories of intra- and inter-modular connections, which suggests the different types of topological role transitions in functional networks across age groups. Our results indicated an inverse association between functional segregation/integration with age, which demonstrated age-associated differences in communication effeciency. This study provides a new perspective and useful information to better understand the normal aging of brain networks.

Radiographic morphometry of the hoof and third phalanx of apparently healthy Nigerian horses

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.C. Ogbanya ◽  
C.A. Eze ◽  
J.I. Ihedioha
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Proximal Phalanx ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Apparently Healthy

The objective of the study was to establish reference values for radiographic soft tissue indices of the hooves of apparently healthy Nigerian horses and to identify sex and age-related variations if any. Lateromedial radiographic examinations of the forelimb hooves of 52 apparently healthy Nigerian horses of both sexes aged young (1 – 5years), adult (6 – 10years) and old (11years and above) were carried out in the cross-sectional survey design. Radiographic soft tissue indices such as hoof wall distal phalanx distance (HWDPD), hoof wall proximal phalanx distance (HWPPD), coronary extensor distance (CED), sole depth (SD), hoof cup (HC), palmarocortical length (PCL) of the third phalanx, hoof wall angle (HWA), angle of third phalanx (AP3) and angle of rotation (AR) were measured and compared between sexes and among age groups. There was no significant sex variations in the indices investigated. However, the mean SD and HC showed age-related significant variation. The mean SD was only significantly (P less than 0.05) lower in old horses compared to young and adult horses. The mean values of HC were significantly (P less than 0.05) lower in adult and old horses compared to young horses. Radiographic morphometric indices assessed in this study may differ with those reported from other breeds, so they can be used in the future as reference values for diagnosis of laminitis in front feet of Nigerian horses.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Knowledge and Perceptions about Pharmacovigilance Activities among Pharmacy Students in Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Osemene Kanayo Patrick ◽  
Afolabi Margaret Olubunmi
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Knowledge Score ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Pharmacy Students ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Knowledge Domain ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

Studies on pharmacovigilance (PV) activities in Nigeria focused on perceptions of PV among professional healthcare workers are described here. There is paucity of information on pharmacy students’ knowledge about PV activities. Hence, this study, evaluated the knowledge and perceptions of final year pharmacy students about PV activities using descriptive and inferential statistics. A cross sectional study was undertaken in three Nigerian universities with a pretested questionnaire during the period of January and February, 2016. The questionnaire included closed-ended questions on demographic variables and questions designed to achieve the objectives of the study. Data was analyzed with IBM SPSS Statistics 20 and presented in percentages, means, standard deviations and median at 50% percentile. The mean knowledge score of pharmacovigilance and adverse drug reporting for the final year students was 4.25±0.18. There were significant differences in the mean scores of knowledge domain by age groups 21-24 years 4.8±0.70, 25-30 years 6.2 ± 0.84 and >30 years 4.6±0.72 at p=0.001; gender: male 4.1±1.20 and female 4.4±0.98 at (p=0.0001) as well as the current universities attended as follows University 1 with a scrore of 5.1±1.03, University 2 had a mean score of 6.3±0.99 at p=0.0120 and University 3 with a mean score of 4.3±1.01 at p=0.012. Furthermore, significant difference exist in the mean values of pharmacovigilance knowledge between those who had taking some courses in pharmacovigilance (7.3± 0.22) and those who did not (4.7 ± 0.13) at p=0.0001. Generally, the students had inadequate knowledge of PV activities. Therefore, emphasis on relevant PV courses in their curriculum is necessary.Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 20(1): 1-13, 2017

Prevalence and Correlates of Tobacco Smoking in Sri Lanka

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 861-869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prasad Katulanda ◽  
Kremlin Wickramasinghe ◽  
Jayaweera G. Mahesh ◽  
Amila Rathnapala ◽  
Godwin R. Constantine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Rate ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Sri Lankan ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Current Smoking ◽  
Random Cluster ◽  
Sociodemographic Correlates ◽  
Lower Education

Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and underlying sociodemographic correlates of smoking among Sri Lankans. Methods: A cross-sectional sample (N = 5000, age >18 years) was selected using a multistage random cluster sampling. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Results: Response rate was 91% (n = 4532); males 40%; mean age 46.1 years (±15.1). Overall, urban and rural prevalence of current smoking (smoking) was 18.3%, 17.2%, and 18.5%, respectively ( P = nonsignificant, urban vs rural). Smoking was much higher in males than in females (38.0% vs 0.1%, P < .0001). Ex-smokers comprised 10.0% (males 20.7%, females 0.1%, P < .0001). Among the smokers 87.0% smoked <10 cigarettes per day. The male age groups < 20 and 20 to 29 years had the lowest (15.6%) and the highest (44.6%) prevalence of smoking, respectively. In males, smoking was highest in the least educated (odds ratio = 1.96, P = .001). Conclusions: Smoking is common among Sri Lankan males and is associated with lower education, income, and middle age.

scholarly journals Relationship between age, refractive errors and motor fusion in a normal Chinese adult population: a cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Man She ◽  
Tao Li ◽  
Qianqian Hu ◽  
Jie Zhu ◽  
Xiaodong Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Adult Population ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Comfort Zone ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Chinese Adult ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background To investigate the relationships between motor fusion and sex, age and spherical equivalent (SE). Methods This observational study enrolled 243 healthy, nonstrabismic adults, including 94 men and 149 women aged 20 to 59 years. The subjects were divided into three groups according to SE: myopic, emmetropic and hyperopic groups. The subjects were also divided into four groups according to age: 20–29, 30–39, 40–49 and 50–59 years groups. Motor fusion was measured with a synoptophore, including subjective angle (SA), divergence, convergence and fusional vergence range (FVR). Results The mean values of divergence, convergence and FVR for the whole sample group were 9.72 ± 0.26°, 19.34 ± 0.54°, and 29.06 ± 0.62°, respectively. A higher value of divergence was found in the myopic group than in the emmetropic group (p < 0.05). SE and divergence were significantly different among age groups (all p < 0.05). In addition, linear regression analysis showed that SE was correlated with divergence (p = 0.003). Age was correlated with SE, divergence and FVR (p < 0.001, p = 0.005, p = 0.002, respectively). In addition, the proportion of SA being in the comfort zone (defined as the value of SA satisfying Percival’s criterion) in the age groups was significantly different (χ2 = 8.283, p = 0.041). Conclusions Motor fusion is associated with age and SE in the normal Chinese adult population.

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