Understanding Protocol Performance: Impact of Test Performance

2013 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 909-919
Author(s):  
Robert G. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Research Design ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Performance Impact ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Protocol Performance ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Test Correlation

Background: This is the second of two articles that examine the factors that determine protocol performance. The objective of these articles is to provide a general understanding of protocol performance that can be used to estimate performance, establish limits on performance, decide if a protocol is justified, and ultimately select a protocol. The first article was concerned with protocol criterion and test correlation. It demonstrated the advantages and disadvantages of different criterion when all tests had the same performance. It also examined the impact of increasing test correlation on protocol performance and the characteristics of the different criteria. Purpose: To examine the impact on protocol performance when individual tests in a protocol have different performance. This is evaluated for different criteria and test correlations. The results of the two articles are combined and summarized. Research Design: A mathematical model is used to calculate protocol performance for different protocol criteria and test correlations when there are small to large variations in the performance of individual tests in the protocol. Results: The performance of the individual tests that make up a protocol has a significant impact on the performance of the protocol. As expected, the better the performance of the individual tests, the better the performance of the protocol. Many of the characteristics of the different criteria are relatively independent of the variation in the performance of the individual tests. However, increasing test variation degrades some criteria advantages and causes a new disadvantage to appear. This negative impact increases as test variation increases and as more tests are added to the protocol. Conclusions: Best protocol performance is obtained when individual tests are uncorrelated and have the same performance. In general, the greater the variation in the performance of tests in the protocol, the more detrimental this variation is to protocol performance. Since this negative impact is increased as more tests are added to the protocol, greater test variation indicates using fewer tests in the protocol.

Understanding Protocol Performance: Impact of Criterion and Test Correlation

2013 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 897-908
Author(s):  
Robert G. Turner
Keyword(s):  
False Alarm ◽  
False Alarm Rate ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Strict Criterion ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Hit Rate ◽  
Protocol Performance ◽  
False Alarm Rates ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Test Correlation

Background: A test protocol is created when individual tests are combined. Protocol performance can be calculated prior to clinical use; however, the necessary information is seldom available. Thus, protocols are frequently used with limited information as to performance. The next best strategy is to base protocol design on available information combined with a thorough understanding of the factors that determine protocol performance. Unfortunately, there is limited information as to these factors and how they interact. Purpose: The objective of this article and the next article in this issue is to examine in detail the three factors that determine protocol performance: (1) protocol criterion, (2) test correlation, (3) test performance. This article examines protocol criterion and test correlation. The next article examines the impact of individual test performance and summarizes the results of this series. The ultimate goal is to provide guidance on the formulation of a protocol using available information and an understanding of the impact of these three factors on performance. Research Design: A mathematical model is used to calculate protocol performance for different protocol criteria and test correlations while assuming that all individual tests in the protocol have the same performance. The advantages and disadvantages of the different criteria are evaluated for different test correlations. Results: A loose criterion will produce the highest protocol hit and false alarm rates; however, the false alarm rate may be unacceptably high. A strict criterion will produce the smallest protocol hit and false alarm rates; however, the hit rate may be unacceptably low. Adding tests to a protocol increases the probability that the protocol false alarm rate will be too high with a loose criterion and that the protocol hit rate will be too low with a strict criterion. The intermediate criterion, about which little has been known, provides advantages not available with the other two criteria. This criterion is much more likely to produce acceptable protocol hit and false alarm rates. It also has the potential to simultaneously produce a protocol hit rate higher, and a false alarm rate lower, than the individual tests. The intermediate criteria produce better protocol performance than the loose and strict criteria for protocols with the same number of tests. For all criteria, best protocol performance is obtained when the tests are uncorrelated and decreases as test correlation increases. When there is some test correlation, adding tests to the protocol can decrease protocol performance for a loose or strict criterion. The ability of a protocol to manipulate hit and false alarm rates, or improve performance relative to that of the individual tests, is reduced with increasing test correlation. Conclusions: The three criteria, loose, strict, and intermediate, have definite advantages and disadvantages over a large range of test correlations. Some of the advantages and disadvantages of the loose and strict criteria are impacted by test correlation. The advantages of the intermediate criteria are relatively independent of test correlation. When three or more tests are used in a protocol, consideration should be given to using an intermediate criterion, particularly if there is some test correlation. Greater test correlation diminishes the advantages of adding tests to a protocol, particularly with a loose or strict criterion. At higher test correlations, fewer tests in the protocol may be appropriate.

scholarly journals Flight Simulator’s Energy Consumption Depending on the Conditions of the Air Operation

Energies ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 580
Author(s):  
Michał Gołębiewski ◽  
Marta Galant-Gołębiewska ◽  
Remigiusz Jasiński
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Flight Simulator ◽  
Motion Platform ◽  
Simulator Motion ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Protection of the natural environment is a key activity driving development in the transport discipline today. The use of simulators to train civil aviation pilots provides an excellent opportunity to maintain the balance between efficiency and limit the negative impact of transport on the environment. Therefore, we decided to determine the impact of selected simulations of air operations on energy consumption. The aim of the research was to determine the energy consumption of the flight simulator depending on the type of flight operation and configuration used. We also decided to compare the obtained result with the energy consumption of an aircraft of a similar class, performing a similar aviation operation and other means of transport. In order to obtain the results, a research plan was proposed consisting of 12 scenarios differing in the simulated aircraft model, weather conditions and the use of the simulator motion platform. In each of the scenarios, energy consumption was measured, taking into account the individual components of the simulator. The research showed that the use of a flight simulator has a much smaller negative impact on the natural environment than flying in a traditional plane. Use of a motion platform indicated a change in energy consumption of approximately 40% (in general, flight simulator configuration can change energy consumption by up to 50%). The deterioration of weather conditions during the simulation caused an increase in energy consumption of 14% when motion was disabled and 18% when motion was enabled. Energy consumption in the initial stages of pilot training can be reduced by 97% by using flight simulators compared to aircraft training.

scholarly journals THE PREVALENCE OF BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER WITH A TENDENCY TO ANOREXIA NERVOSA IN ADOLESCENTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-15
Author(s):  
Diona Wahyuni ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Daily Functioning ◽  
Epidemiological Surveys ◽  
Body Image Disorders ◽  
Medical Emergencies ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Background: Anorexia nervosa (AN) and body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) are severe body image disorders that severely interfere with the daily functioning of the individual. They are separate but overlapping nosologically entities. There is a study on the tendency of wrong eating behaviour in adolescents with specifications for anorexia nervosa in Jakarta 11.6% and there is also a study at High School in Jakarta 88.5% of adolescents experience wrong eating behaviour with the specifications of anorexia nervosa. And the two largest epidemiological surveys regarding BDD, there were 2.5% women and 2.2% men. With a fairly high number of these two events, this has the potential to have a negative impact on someone’s health. This study aims to discuss the impact of anorexia nervosa. Methods: The researcher used several literature and scientific journals, which was based on 15 journals and literature, discussing a tendency to anorexia nervosa with the incidence of Body Dysmorphic Disorder and its medical emergencies. Conclusion: There is a correlation of anorexia nervosa among teenager especially girl teenage

It's all in the past: how do colonial legacies between host and home countries affect the expatriate experience?

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Colonial Legacy ◽  
The Past ◽  
Host Country Nationals ◽  
Practical Experiences ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

PurposeWithin the expatriation subset of the wider IB literature, the focus of research has been on contemporary contextual factors. The purpose of this paper is to link the present to the past by investigating how the individual expatriate experience may be affected by a colonial legacy between host and home countries.Design/methodology/approachGiven the exploratory nature of this study, a qualitative interview-based approach eliciting thick, detailed descriptions of the practical experiences of seven Japanese expatriate managers working in Malaysia was adopted. These were supplemented by additional interviews with three host-country nationals who work alongside some of the expatriates. The data were analysed through a two-stage coding process.FindingsThe expatriate respondents were largely unanimous in their view that the colonial past between the two countries had no negative impact on their experiences in Malaysia, and the Malaysian interviewees corroborated this. On the contrary, the majority of the expatriates actually spoke positively about their experiences. This was especially true for expatriates in both the tourism and education/research field whose work was linked in some way to the period of Japanese occupation.Research limitations/implicationsThe small, single-context nature of the investigation limits generalisation. There are also many particularities in this study (the nature of Japanese-Malaysian postcolonial relations, cultural values of the Malaysians and Japanese, and so on) that are perhaps not easily relatable to other contexts. Having said this, qualitative research is not always geared towards generalisability but rather towards contextual intricacies and nuances.Originality/valueWhile most of the extant literature on expatriation has examined largely contemporary factors, this paper explores the impact of more historical events on the expatriate experience. Although such events may seem distant from an expatriate's current activities, this study suggests that in certain circumstances, they may have a lingering effect.

Trust, Ethnicity and Integrity in East Africa: Experimental Evidence from Kenya and Tanzania

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic Burbidge ◽  
Nic Cheeseman
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Trust Games ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Experimental Games ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

AbstractPolitical economy comparisons of Kenya and Tanzania have often found the political salience of ethnicity to be far higher in the former than the latter, with a negative impact on intercommunal trust. This difference has tended to be explained on the basis of the different kinds of leadership that the two countries experienced after independence. However, these findings have typically been demonstrated using aggregate or survey data. This paper assesses the salience of ethnicity at the individual level for the first time, deploying monetized two-round trust games in urban Kenya and Tanzania. The experimental games isolate the comparative impact of common knowledge of ethnicity and integrity among a quasi-random selection of 486 citizens. Verifying previous findings, we observe higher levels of trust and trustworthiness in Tanzania as compared with Kenya. Further, in comparison with Kenya, any shared knowledge of ethnic identities in Tanzania leads players to transfer fewer resources, while common knowledge that both players are “honest” led to higher transfers there than in Kenya. These results provide robust evidence of higher levels of trust in Tanzania, and of the negative effect in that country of common knowledge of ethnicity on levels of cooperation. The findings demonstrate the way in which political context can shape the impact of ethnic diversity, and encourage further experimental research that looks at the intersubjective dynamics of social cooperation.

FOUR DECADES OF POVERTY AND CONSUMPTION IN CHINA

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (supp01) ◽  
pp. 117-138
Author(s):  
JINXIAN WANG ◽  
CHEN WANG ◽  
YAN ZHANG
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Poverty Index ◽  
Domestic Consumption ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Provincial Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Empirical Analyses

Since 2010, China’s miraculous growth has come to a halt and has shown steady deceleration. To re-accelerate economic growth, stimulating domestic consumption is a crucial way with fighting poverty as the key step. This paper attempts to explore the impact of poverty on resident consumption in China over the last four decades. Based on provincial data, we first simulate income distribution at the individual level and provide moderate poverty profiles at the provincial level. The empirical analyses are then conducted to gauge the poverty impacts using the estimated poverty index. Results show that (1) moderate poverty has decreased sharply in China, with the best achievement in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangdong; (2) moderate poverty exerts a significantly negative impact on resident consumption; and (3) when poverty increases, resident consumption on household equipment decreases the most, while resident consumption on food, transportation, and telecommunication decreases the least.

scholarly journals Lysogenization of a Lactococcal Host with Three Distinct Temperate Phages Provides Homologous and Heterologous Phage Resistance

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1685
Author(s):  
Sofia Ruiz-Cruz ◽  
Elvina Parlindungan ◽  
Andrea Erazo Garzon ◽  
Mona Alqarni ◽  
Gabriele A. Lugli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phage Resistance ◽  
Resistance Factors ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Dna Injection ◽  
Increased Sensitivity ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Lysogenic Phage ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Level Analysis ◽  
Unique Relationship

Lactococcus lactis is the most widely exploited microorganism in global dairy fermentations. Lactococcal strains are described as typically harboring a number of prophages in their chromosomes. The presence of such prophages may provide both advantages and disadvantages to the carrying host. Here, we describe the deliberate generation of three distinct lysogens of the model lactococcal strain 3107 and the impact of additional prophage carriage on phage-resistance and anti-microbial susceptibility. Lysogen-specific responses were observed, highlighting the unique relationship and impact of each lysogenic phage on its host. Both homologous and heterologous phage-resistance profiles were observed, highlighting the presence of possible prophage-encoded phage-resistance factors. Superinfection exclusion was among the most notable causes of heterologous phage-resistance profiles with resistance observed against members of the Skunavirus, P335, P087, and 949 lactococcal phage groups. Through these analyses, it is now possible to identify phages that may pursue similar DNA injection pathways. The generated lysogenic strains exhibited increased sensitivity to the antimicrobial compounds, nisin and lysozyme, relative to the parent strain, although it is noteworthy that the degree of sensitivity was specific to the individual (pro)phages. Overall, the findings highlight the unique impact of each prophage on a given strain and the requirement for strain-level analysis when considering the implications of lysogeny.

scholarly journals The Impact of COVID-19 on the Dietary Habits of Middle-Class Population in Mulund, Mumbai, India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vidhi Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Eating Patterns ◽  
Early Implementation ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

In India, the SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 pandemic has grown to 112,359 cases and 3,435 deaths as per 21st May, 2020. The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) affected the world with 4,893,186 cases and 323,256 deaths as of 21st May, 2020. The WHO declared the outbreak as a public health emergency of international concern on 30th January, 2020 and it was declared as a pandemic in March 2020. Clinical studies conducted on hospitalized cases show that the onset of COVID-19 is associated with symptoms commonly associated with viral pneumonia, most commonly fever, cough/sore throat and myalgia/fatigue. COVID-19 world pandemic imposed a new set of challenges for the individual to maintain a healthy diet. When compared to the USA, India is currently facing lesser cases of the pandemic because of early implementation of the preventive measures such as a lockdown. Because of the lockdown imposed, India has and is facing a downfall in every aspect, such as the economy, the agriculture, the health sector, the IT and management sectors and also tourism. This in turn, will have a negative impact on the quality of life and economy in India. The present paper aims to find out the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the health sector and is based on the results obtained from a survey about the eating patterns of participants from Mulund, Mumbai, India. It was seen that the mental stress caused due to the pandemic had an effect on the dietary behaviors of the participants.

scholarly journals Identifying causes and potential consequences of financial fraud

2019 ◽  
pp. 47-56
Author(s):  
Tetiana Kizyma ◽  
Andrii Kizyma
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Financial Fraud ◽  
Fraud Triangle ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Global Threat ◽  
The Impact

Introduction. The article claims that due to the rapid growth of financial relations, advancement of globalization processes, the impact of IT and the Internet on financial performance, the number of economic crimes in Ukraine has increased recently, especially financial fraud offences. The authors provide evidence that fraudulent schemes have targeted not only public and private finance, but all social relations. Purpose. Therefore, the aim of the paper is to address financial fraud as a global threat and identify its causes and potential consequences. Methods. For addressing the causes and effects of financial fraud, the following general research methods are used: analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, abstraction and grouping. Results. It should be noted that the problem of financial fraud has not received sufficient attention in domestic research literature and practice. The paper presents the leading causes of financial fraud, which include economic, moral and psychological causes as well as regulatory, infrastructural and organizational ones. Financial fraud has a negative impact on the national economy and the welfare of citizens, and therefore leads to the multimillion losses. In order to identify consequences of financial fraud, a combination two types of evaluating such consequences is suggested: quantitative (involves the calculation of pecuniary damage, economic losses and lost economic profit due to fraud offences, and qualitative (logically explains circumstances of financial fraud, risks of losing corporate reputation, image and investment attractiveness). There are three major reasons why financial fraud occurs, which constitute the so-called fraud triangle: the opportunity to commit fraud; the pressure on the individual or the motivation behind the crime; the ability to rationalize the fraud. Therefore, the most important tasks for state bodies, economic entities and individuals include neutralizing the factors which lead to financial fraud and exercising effective control over the prevention of fraud offences in social and economic areas in general, and in financial area in particular. Discussion. Further studies should focus on a comprehensive analysis of the most common types of financial fraud, which take place in Ukraine. The authors argue that this will lead to establishing a set of policies aimed at reducing this negative phenomenon.

scholarly journals The multidisciplinary approach of a patient with Sjögrenś Syndrome in the dental office - case report

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-240
Author(s):  
Tatiana-Maria Coman ◽  
Anca-Diana Mănărăzan ◽  
Adelin-Sebastian Cîrstea ◽  
Dorin-Ioan Cocoș
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Gingival Hyperplasia ◽  
Oral Rehabilitation ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Lichenoid Reactions ◽  
The Individual

AbstractIntroduction: Oral rehabilitation is based on establishing a correct diagnosis and designing a plan to give appropriate treatment to each clinical case. Patients’ aesthetic requirements show an increasing trend in current practice. Sjögren’s syndrome and obesity can have a negative impact on a person’s quality of life, and it is therefore imperative to identify and reduce these significant barriers to paving the way for better oral health and the overall well-being of the individual. Hypertension NYHA II type patients may present oral manifestations like ageusia, burning sensation, xerostomia, lichenoid reactions or gingival hyperplasia. Case presentation: This time, at our clinic, a 71-year-old man requested a complex oral rehabilitation. He presented partial edentulism at both arches. We are talking about a non-smoking patient, with chronical medication treatment for the mentioned pathology. Conclusions: A well-controlled hypertensive patient is not a risk in clinical practice. When choosing an implant based therapy, the old age of the patient can be considered a negative factor for successful results, but it is not a strict contraindication. This case report shows the most suitable treatment solution, regarding all the advantages and disadvantages of other treatment options, represented by implant supported fixed prosthetic restaurations.

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