scholarly journals A formal approach to reanalysis: The case of a negative counterfactual marker

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal
Keyword(s):  
Formal Definition ◽  
Truth Conditions ◽  
Formal Approach ◽  
Linguistic Change ◽  
Semantic Level ◽  
History Of ◽  
Observable State ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Diachronic Changes

This paper proposes a formal definition of reanalysis, while emphasizing the importance of the distinction between two different kinds of reanalysis: those in which the change is confined to the grammatical level, and those in which it is confined to the semantic level. After tracing the history of a negative counterfactual conditional marker in Hebrew and Aramaic which underwent both syntactic and semantic reanalyses, the paper assesses the concept of reanalysis with focus on the following questions: Is reanalysis a single, clearly-defined phenomenon, and if so, what is its nature? Is it merely a descriptive label for a certain observable state of affairs, or does it explain diachronic changes? Alternatively, perhaps it is a theoretical constraint, a theoretical requirement that linguistic change must be associated with specific environments where reanalysis can take place? A detailed analysis of the marker and its evolution yields the following broad hypothesis: Reanalysis of a linguistic form does not change the truth conditions of the proposition that contains it, regardless of whether the reanalysis is on the grammatical level or on the semantic level.

scholarly journals FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC BASES OF THE FUNCTIONING OF STATE EXECUTIVE BODIES: PAST, PRESENT AND PROSPECTS OF IMPROVEMENT

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Mykolenko ◽  
Iryna Lychenko ◽  
Olena Klymiuk
Keyword(s):  
Executive Branch ◽  
Administrative Reform ◽  
Structural Method ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Legal Method ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Definition Of

The aim of the article is to analyse legal regulations and perspectives available in the specialized literature concerning financial and economic bases of the functioning of state executive bodies, which should be strengthened and formed according to one of the areas of administrative reform in Ukraine. The subject of the study is financial and economic bases of the functioning of state executive bodies: past, present, and prospects of improvement. Methodology. The study is based on the use of general scientific and special-scientific methods and techniques of scientific knowledge. The historical and legal method enabled to analyse the legal regulations of administrative and financial law on past, present, and prospects of improvement of financial and economic bases of the functioning of state executive bodies. The comparative legal method was used to improve the system of executive bodies and their authorities’ exercise. The system-structural method enabled to consider and identify the most negative effects of the insufficient financing of executive branch activities and the exercise of their authorities. The methods of grouping and classifying were the basis for the author’s approach to the identification of forms of financing state executive bodies. The technical legal method enabled to interrogate the state of affairs in financial and economic bases of the functioning of state executive bodies. The results of the study enabled to highlight the drivers of the improvement of forms of financing state executive bodies. Practical implications. In the study, scientific sources and legal regulations of administrative and financial law on past, present, and prospects of improvement of financial and economic bases of the functioning of state executive bodies are interrogated. The article highlights that strengthening and forming new financial and economic bases of the functioning of state executive bodies have been provided for by one of the areas of the Concepts of Administrative Reform, which nowadays is implemented both at the legislative and law enforcement levels. It was concluded that the formation of new financial and economic bases of the functioning of state executive bodies failed. There is only modelling of certain forms of financing of state executive bodies, familiar to the history of the origin and development of these bodies. Therefore, financial and economic bases of the functioning of state executive bodies should be interrogated by representatives of both administrative and financial law not only from a historical perspective or from a modern perspective but also with a view to the future. Relevance/originality. The original author’s approach to the definition of financial and economic bases of the functioning of state executive bodies is the basis for developing the most promising areas of improvement of domestic legislation in this sphere.

Introduction to marine pollution

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher L. J. Frid ◽  
Bryony A. Caswell
Keyword(s):  
Human Activities ◽  
Marine Pollution ◽  
Scientific Study ◽  
Technical Development ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Formal Definition ◽  
New Materials ◽  
Technical Developments ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of

It is universally agreed that pollution is a bad thing but quite what is meant by this is not clear. This chapter considers the formal definition of the word and distinguishes pollution, which has an impact on the environment and human activities, from contamination, which is merely the presence of substances at raised concentrations. It examines the history of marine pollution and how this has stimulated science, technical developments to treat wastes and the regulation and management of potentially polluting activities. Humankind has been putting waste into the sea for as long as people have lived at the coast. The growth of human populations increased the scale of the problem while industrialisation and the development of new materials have expanded the range of substances that enter the sea. Given this long history of regulation, scientific study and technical development, can marine pollution be considered a solved problem?

scholarly journals THE CONCEPT OF DEGRESSIVE AND PROGRESSIVE PROPORTIONALITY AND ITS NORMATIVE AND DESCRIPTIVE APPLICATIONS

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacek Haman
Keyword(s):  
Main Part ◽  
Electoral Systems ◽  
European Parliament ◽  
Formal Definition ◽  
Multilateral Negotiations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Strict Definition

Abstract The article discusses the concept of progressive and degressive proportionality of the distribution of parliamentary seats. In the first part are presented axiological sources of the principles of proportionality and progressive and degressive proportionality and the history of degressively proportional apportionments of seats in the European Parliament. The main part of the article is devoted to the formulation of proposals for strict formal definition of degressive and progressive proportionality, and a description of the method of apportionment of seats in the European Parliament based on the strict definition of degressive proportionality and maintaining maximum compatibility with former apportionments adopted in multilateral negotiations. The last part of the article consists of a discussion of the possibilities of adopting the concept of progressive proportionality in the analysis of the functioning of parliamentary electoral systems.

Pseudohallucinations: a conceptual history

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 753-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. Berrios ◽  
T. R. Dening
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stable Complex ◽  
Full Account ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Diagnostic Role ◽  
Diagnostic Values ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Definition Of

SynopsisThe term ‘pseudohallucination’ is currently used to name imaginal experiences whose relationship to one another and to hallucinations ‘proper’ remains obscure. Clinicians, including specialists in psychopathology, disagree on how pseudohallucination must be defined and on its diagnostic role. Empirical research is unlikely to help as the term does not have a stable referent. Historical and conceptual analyses, on the other hand, are of great use to show how this untidy state of affairs has obtained. This paper includes a full account of the history of pseudohallucination and concludes that: (a) the problem has resulted from the fact that the history of the word, concept (s) and putative behaviour (s) failed to ‘converge’ (i.e. there never has been a time when the three components have formed a stable complex); (b) failure to converge has been caused by the fact that the concept of pseudohallucination is parasitical upon that of hallucination, and that the latter has proved to be far more unstable than what is usually recognized; (c) hence, pseudohallucination is a vicarious construct (i.e. one created by a temporary conceptual need, and which is not associated with a biological invariant); (d) pseudohallucination is used as the ‘joker’ in a poker game (i.e. made to take diagnostic values according to clinical need) – this has led to diagnostic complacency and retarded important decisions as to the nature and definition of hallucinations; and (e) the language of current descriptive psychopathology is not fine-grained enough to generate a stable frame for pseudohallucination. This suggests that its boundaries and usage will remain fuzzy and unbridled.

scholarly journals Axiomatisation and Simulation

Information ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Troitzsch
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Formal Definition ◽  
Agent Based Simulation ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
History Of ◽  
Structuralist Reconstruction ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Verbal Theory

The paper discusses the relation between the “non-statement view” of the structuralist program in philosophy of science and agent-based simulation and the use of this relation for a deeper understanding of the verification and the validation of simulation models. To this end it uses the history of the gender desegregation process in German schools in the second half of the 20th century and two simulation models trying to explain and understand this historical process. The relation between the two simulation models on one hand and the structuralist reconstruction of the mental and verbal theory of the observed phenomenon is depicted step by step, showing the verification of the more recent simulation model along the lines of the formal definition of this theory. Finally, the simulation model is used to make two unobservable parameters measurable with the help of the formalised theory, which allows new insights into the historical process.

Aristotle on Political Communities: Lessons from Outside the Politics

Apeiron ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 374-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Philipe Ranger
Keyword(s):  
Political Community ◽  
Nicomachean Ethics ◽  
Formal Definition ◽  
History Of ◽  
Political Communities ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract This article examines Aristotelian definitions of ‘political community’. Most accounts of this concept focus on the polis, the type of community that features prominently in the Politics. However, if one takes into account passages from the History of Animals and the Nicomachean Ethics VIII-IX, it is possible to uncover a formal definition of ‘political community’. It then becomes clear that other communities, such as those based in virtue-friendship, can be considered political as well according to the criterion set out by Aristotle: a fact which suggests Aristotle has a richer understanding of the concept than scholars usually ascribe to him.

scholarly journals The use of Latin and the European republic of letters: Change and continuity in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries

Nordlit ◽  
2014 ◽  
pp. 281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per Pippin Aspaas
Keyword(s):  
Soft Power ◽  
Republic Of Letters ◽  
New Science ◽  
Mixed Feelings ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
European Republic ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
International Success

<p>This article, which is the author’s trial lecture for the degree of Philosophiae Doctor, offers a brief history of the use of Latin among men of learning. The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries are known as the periods of Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment, respectively. In the same timespan the Republic of Letters flourished, a word which connoted a kind of ‘imagined community’ (in Benedict Anderson’s words) which bound together the supporters of the new science. In transgressing confessional, civil, and ideological boundaries Latin offered a peculiar kind of assistance. A text in Latin would signify not merely erudition, but also some sort of neutrality. However much the active use and the passive ability to understand various vernacular languages rose internationally, neither Italian, French, English, or German was received without mixed feelings. Escaping the famous definition of a language as ‘a dialect with an army and a navy’, Latinity proved capable of persisting by means of ‘soft power’ alone. The processes which led to the end of this state of affairs were not one and the same. Italian, which Galilei and the academicians of Florence used, achieved national or regional, rather than international, success. English, cultivated by the Royal Society of London, was undoubtedly comprehensible to many learned, but it was used rarely abroad nevertheless. French, having the Académie Royale des Sciences and the encyclopédistes among its supporters, especially towards the end of the eighteenth century seemed poised to take over the Republic of Letters. German, read by many men of learning in Nordic and Eastern parts of Europe, reeked of vulgarity or even barbarism. That Latin, the victim of nationalism, democratisation, and secularisation, in brief, of European modernity, also served as a vehicle and a midwife for that very same modernity is a lesson well worth bearing in mind.</p>

Reviving Legislative Avenues for Gerrymandering Reform with a Flexible, Automated Tool

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 372-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Saxon
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
The Political ◽  
Formal Definition ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Minorities ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Automated Tool ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Congressional Action

After seeking a “manageable standard” to apply to claims of partisan gerrymandering for over three decades, the Supreme Court has finally given up the chase, ruling that such claims are nonjusticiable. What is to be done? An extended history of successful congressional action suggests that the legislative pathway is more practical than often believed. Statutory requirements also make it possible to consider a broader suite of districting objectives. This paper presents a flexible new software and a framework for evaluating the practical implications of explicit objectives. I apply this approach to the conditions last required by Congress, generating equipopulous, contiguous, and compact districts. Among these conditions, the formal definition of compactness has proven contentious. Does it matter? I contrast the representation of the political parties and of racial and ethnic minorities under plans optimized according to 18 different definitions of compactness. On these grounds, the definitions are markedly consistent. These methods may be extended to alternative districting objectives and criteria.

Towards the digital land reclamation

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-9
Author(s):  
Sergey Vasil'ev ◽  
Vyacheslav Schedrin ◽  
Aleksandra Slabunova ◽  
Vladimir Slabunov
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
Land Reclamation ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Maximum Effect ◽  
Optimal Management ◽  
Scientific Potential ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Full Cooperation

The aim of the research is a retrospective analysis of the history and stages of development of digital land reclamation in Russia, the definition of «Digital land reclamation» and trends in its further development. In the framework of the retrospective analysis the main stages of melioration formation are determined. To achieve the maximum effect of the «digital reclamation» requires full cooperation of practical experience and scientific potential accumulated throughout the history of the reclamation complex, and the latest achievements of science and technology, which is currently possible only through the full digitalization of reclamation activities. The introduction of «digital reclamation» will achieve greater potential and effect in the modernization of the reclamation industry in the «hightech industry», through the use of innovative developments and optimal management decisions.

Vyshnivetsky Castle Library of Prince Mychailo Servaty Vyshnivetsky – Historical Book Heritage and Object of Bibliological and Historical Reconstruction

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 166-182
Author(s):  
Iryna Tsiborovska-Rymarovych
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Cultural Images ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Printed Books ◽  
History Of ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Definition Of

The article has as its object the elucidation of the history of the Vyshnivetsky Castle Library, definition of the content of its fund, its historical and cultural significance, correlation of the founder of the Library Mychailo Servaty Vyshnivetsky with the Book.The Vyshnivetsky Castle Library was formed in the Ukrainian historical region of Volyn’, in the Vyshnivets town – “family nest” of the old Ukrainian noble family of the Vyshnivetskies under the “Korybut” coat of arm. The founder of the Library was Prince Mychailo Servaty Vyshnivetsky (1680–1744) – Grand Hetman and Grand Chancellor of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vilno Voievoda. He was a politician, an erudite and great bibliophile. In the 30th–40th of the 18th century the main Prince’s residence Vyshnivets became an important centre of magnate’s culture in Rich Pospolyta. M. S. Vyshnivetsky’s contemporaries from the noble class and clergy knew quite well about his library and really appreciated it. According to historical documents 5 periods are defined in the Library’s history. In the historical sources the first place is occupied by old-printed books of Library collection and 7 Library manuscript catalogues dating from 1745 up to the 1835 which give information about quantity and topical structures of Library collection.The Library is a historical and cultural symbol of the Enlightenment epoch. The Enlightenment and those particular concepts and cultural images pertaining to that epoch had their effect on the formation of Library’s fund. Its main features are as follow: comprehensive nature of the stock, predominance of French eighteenth century editions, presence of academic books and editions on orientalistics as well as works of the ideologues of the Enlightenment and new kinds of literature, which generated as a result of this movement – encyclopaedias, encyclopaedian dictionaries, almanacs, etc. Besides the universal nature of its stock books on history, social and political thought, fiction were dominating.The reconstruction of the history of Vyshnivetsky’s Library, the historical analysis of the provenances in its editions give us better understanding of the personality of its owners and in some cases their philanthropic activities, and a better ability to identify the role of this Library in the culture life of society in a certain epoch.

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