scholarly journals Perencanaan Kebutuhan Bahan Baku Pada Produksi Roti Varian Moka Studi kasus di CV. Roti bangkit

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-85
Author(s):  
Istikmalatun Nuril M ◽  
Jono Jono ◽  
Iva Mindhayani
Keyword(s):  
Lot Sizing ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Total Cost

CV. Roti Bangkit merupakan perusahaan yang bergerak dalam industri makanan khususnya memproduksi roti yang berlokasi di Kadisono, Berbah, Kabupaten Sleman, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Selama ini kebutuhan bahan baku di perusahaan belum direncanakan dengan baik. Dampak dari hal tersebut ialah terjadinya penumpukan beberapa jumlah persediaan bahan baku di gudang dan munculnya biaya penyimpanan. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, maka diperlukan suatu perencanaan kebutuhan bahan baku yang baik dalam menangani permasalahan tersebut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui jumlah permintaan, jumlah kebutuhan bahan dan menetukan metode yang tepat pada persediaan bahan baku. Perencanaan Kebutuhan Bahan Baku dengan menggunakan teknik lot sizing merupakan salah satu langkah dalam penentuan jumlah pemesanan kebutuhan bahan baku. Tiga teknik lot sizing yang digunakan adalah Least Unit Cost, Least Total Cost, dan Lot for Lot. Teknik lot sizing digunakan untuk membandingkan total biaya dengan tiga teknik lot sizing yang digunakan yaitu Least Unit Cost, Least Total Cost, dan Lot For Lot. Dengan menggunakan data penjualan roti moka bulan Desember 2018 – November 2019, didapatkan hasil peramalan permintaan bulan Desember 2019 sebanyak 33.280 buah roti moka. Berdasarkan tiga teknik lot sizing yang digunakan maka didapatkan kesimpulan metode Least Total Cost dipilih sebagai metode paling efisien karena menghasilkan biaya persediaan bahan baku produk roti varian moka paling sedikit dibandingkan dengan metode lot sizing yang lainnya, dengan biaya persediaan tepung terigu Rp 42.068,52; susu bubuk Rp 34.108,18; pengembang Rp 16.439,73; mentega Rp 200.787,66; gula pasir Rp 35.537,95; telur ayam Rp 34.667; dan meses coklat Rp 6.335,67. 

Penetapan Tarif Ambulans Untuk Evakuasi Medis Berbasis Unit Cost

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-173
Author(s):  
Kelvin Riupassa ◽  
Narizma Nova ◽  
Endah Lestari ◽  
Sri Juniarti Azis ◽  
Wahyu Sulistiadi
Keyword(s):  
Recovery Rate ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Cost Recovery ◽  
Maintenance Costs ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Medical Evacuation ◽  
Operational Costs ◽  
Emergency Ambulance ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Components

Background: An ambulance is a vehicle designed to be able to handle emergency patients, provide first aid and carry out intensive care while on the way to a referral hospital. Ambulance operations require a large amount of funds obtained from APBD funds through tariffs that were passed through the DKI Jakarta Governor Regulation five years ago. For this reason, a new tariff is required to adjust to current conditions. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to calculate the unit cost of ambulance services in DKI Jakarta to be a consideration in the tariff setting policy in DKI Jakarta province. Research Metodes: This study uses a quantitative descriptive approach to obtain information about the unit cost of the Jakarta ambulance production unit. The method used is the calculation of real cost using the basis of the causes of costs. This research was conducted at the DKI Jakarta Emergency Ambulance using secondary data on investment costs, operational costs and maintenance costs in 2018. Results: The total cost of emergency ambulance in 2018 is known that the proportion of three cost components, namely operational costs, is 76%, followed by investment costs of 20% and maintenance costs of 3%. The calculation of the total cost of medical evacuation using the double distribution method is Rp. 98,915,016,805.00 divided by the number of medical evacuations in 2018 of 37,564 activities, the unit cost of medical evacuation for the AGD of DKI Jakarta Health Office is Rp. 2,633,215.00 without subsidies. APBD costs, while if the subsidy component is included in the calculation, the unit cost for one trip to the AGD of the Health Office is Rp. 604,071.00. This is still far above the current tariff of Rp. 450.00, so the cost recovery rate (CRR) is still below. 100%. Conclusion: From the three cost components consisting of investment, operational and maintenance costs,the largest proportion was operational costs at 76%. The Cost Recovery Rate has not reached 100% so that the existing rates have not covered the costs incurred.   Keywords: ambulance; price fixing; unit cost

scholarly journals Dynamic lot sizing problem under uncertainty of returned products in remanufacturing industry

2018 ◽  
Vol 204 ◽  
pp. 07005
Author(s):  
Iman Setyoaji
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Inference ◽  
Lot Sizing ◽  
Replacement Ratio ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Lot Sizing Problem ◽  
Holding Cost ◽  
Dynamic Lot Sizing ◽  
Lot Sizes

Remanufacturing processes face uncertainty in the quality of the items being returned by customers, this significant variability complicates the control of inventories. Demands can be satisfied by procured new items, but also by remanufactured returned items. This paper develops dynamic lot sizing model for remanufacturing industry under uncertainty of returned items and proposes Bayesian Inference to estimate the replacement ratio of returned items that used to determine those lot sizes for new items. The objective of this paper is to minimize the total cost composed of holding cost and set-ups cost. A numerical example is provided based on case study. The result shows that total cost is reduced to be 45%.

scholarly journals Inventory Model with Demand Dependant on Unit Cost- Input Parameters as Triangular Fuzzy Numbers

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kasthuri, Et. al.
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Numbers ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Inventory Model ◽  
Average Total Cost ◽  
Triangular Fuzzy Numbers ◽  
Lot Size ◽  
Distance Method ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Signed Distance ◽  
Fuzzy Environment

This paper considers an inventory model in which the shortages are backlogged and the demand is dependent on unit cost. An optimum value for average total cost is calculated by considering various input costs, lot size and maximum inventory under fuzzy environment. The process of defuzzification is done by using the signed distance method. Numerical example and sensitivity analysis is given for calculating both crisp and fuzzy values of the total cost.

scholarly journals Effect of the scale of production on the cost-effectiveness of milk production systems belonging to the “Balde Cheio” program

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 1211
Author(s):  
Flávio De Moraes ◽  
Marcos Aurélio Lopes ◽  
Francisval De Melo Carvalho ◽  
Afonso Aurélio de Carvalho Peres ◽  
Fábio Raphael Pascoti Bruhn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Medium Scale ◽  
Return On Capital ◽  
The Cost

This study investigates the cost-effectiveness of 20 demonstration units (DUs) belonging to the "Balde Cheio" program. The units in question are from the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, dating from January to December 2011, and are sorted according to the scale of production (small, medium and large). The data were analyzed using Predictive Analytical software (PASW) 18.0. The scale of production influenced the total cost of milk production, and therefore profitability and cost-effectiveness. The large-scale stratum showed the lowest total unit cost. The positive results in medium and large scales in milk production lead to optimal conditions for long-term production, with the capitalization of cowmen. The items regarding the effective operating cost (EOC) with the biggest influence on the costs of dairy activity in the small scale stratum were food, energy and miscellaneous expenses. In the medium scale, these were food, labor force, and miscellaneous expenses. Finally, in the large scale, they were food, labor force and energy. In the small and large scale, the items regarding the total cost with the biggest influence on the costs of dairy activity were food, labor force, and return on capital, while in the medium scale, they were food, return on capital, and labor force. The average break-even point of 14 of the DUs was higher than the average daily production.

scholarly journals Procedures’ costs related to outpatient chemotherapy treatment of women suffering from breast cancer

2014 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 699-705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Rife Nobrega ◽  
Antônio Fernandes Costa Lima
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Chemotherapy Treatment ◽  
Case Study Methodology ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Outpatient Chemotherapy ◽  
Therapeutic Procedures ◽  
Cost Of Materials ◽  
The Cost

To identify the direct cost of procedures related to an outpatient chemotherapy treatment for women with breast cancer. Method: This is a quantitative research, using the case study methodology, performed in an outpatient chemotherapy of a private hospital. The total cost was calculated by multiplying the time spent by professionals involved in therapeutic procedures, the unit cost of direct labor, adding to the cost of materials, drugs and solutions. For performing the calculations, we used the Brazilian currency (R$). Results: The average total cost per chemotherapy session corresponded to R$ 1,783.01 (100%), being R$ 1,671.66 (93,75%) spent with drugs, R$ 74,98 (4.21%) with materials, R$ 28.49 (1.60%) with labor and R$ 7.88 (0.44%) with solutions. Conclusion: The results may support discussions and decision making for the management of costs related to chemotherapy aimed at reducing expenses and eliminating waste without harm to the care provided. 


A Genetic Algorithm to Determine Production Schedule in an Imperfect Manufacturing System with Time-Vary Unit Cost

2014 ◽  
Vol 889-890 ◽  
pp. 1563-1568
Author(s):  
Bing Chang Ouyang ◽  
Yi Chen Lin
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Manufacturing System ◽  
Fitness Function ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Production Schedule ◽  
Defective Items ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
System A ◽  
Regular Production ◽  
Production Scheme

Considering time-vary in unit cost and imperfect quality in process, this study presents a genetic algorithm to deal with the production schedule and batch lot problem for a manufacturing system. Incorporating linearly and exponentially continuous unit production cost, we assume that defective items are reworked at a constant rate after regular production immediately. Not all of the defective items are reworked but a portion of them are scraped due to serious damage. Our objective is to minimize the expected value of total cost for this production system. A genetic algorithm with the chromosome of real number type to solve this problem is proposed. Standard GA operators are used to generate new populations. These populations are evaluated by a fitness function using the total cost of production scheme. An explicit procedure for obtaining an approximate solution is provided.

scholarly journals Discounted costs and obsolescence with the Joint replenishment problem

2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Afonso ◽  
Pedro Godinho ◽  
João Paulo Costa
Keyword(s):  
Lot Sizing ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Joint Replenishment ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Joint Replenishment Problem ◽  
Ordering Policy ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Item Types

Real life inventory lot sizing problems are frequently challenged with the need to order different types of items within the same batch. The Joint Replenishment Problem (JRP) addresses this setting of coordinated ordering by minimizing the total cost, composed of ordering (or setup) costs and holding costs, while satisfying the demand. The complexity of this problem increases when some or all item types are prone to obsolescence. In fact, the items may experience an abrupt decline in demand because they are no longer needed, due to rapid advancements in technology, going out of fashion, or ceasing to be economically viable. This article proposes an extension of the Joint Replenishment Problem (JRP) where the items may suddenly become obsolete at some time in the future. The model assumes constant demand and the items’ lifetimes follow independent negative exponential distributions. The optimization process considers the time value of money by using the expected discounted total cost as the minimization criterion. The proposed model was applied to some test cases, and sensitivity analyses were performed, in order to assess the impact of obsolescence on the ordering policy. The increase in the obsolescence risk, through the progressive increase of the obsolescence rates of the item types, determines smaller lot sizes on the ordering policy. The increase in the discount rate causes smaller quantities to be ordered as well.

scholarly journals Development of a Lot-Sizing Model to Prevent Heat Stress and Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 871-882
Author(s):  
Sezen Korkulu ◽  
Krisztián Bóna
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Production Line ◽  
Material Handling ◽  
Lot Sizing ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Heat Strain ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders ◽  
Rest Time

Management of heat stress and metabolic cost is vital for preventing any work-related disorders. In this paper, we integrated rest time formulations for heat strain and metabolic cost to develop a new lot sizing model for preventing heat exposure and work-related musculoskeletal disorders. The effects of heat strain and rest allowance on the total cost of the production supply process were investigated. The problem studied in this paper was the handling of the raw materials placed in boxes by manual material handling in order to supply the material requirement of a production line placed in a production area. For the realisation of the material handling transactions between the raw material warehouse and the production line, Electric Pallet Jack (EPJ) was used. The study covers the investigation of picking, storing, and carrying motions for the manual handling of these materials. The result of the analysis has shown that 8.5% savings were achieved by using the heat strain and rest time in comparison to the total cost of this part of the production line supply process with the ISO 7243 maximum metabolic work limit. Consequentially, the analysis results showed that the developed method demonstrated the viability of lot sizing model optimisation with multiple objectives and complex constraints with regards to the metabolic cost and heat strain.

scholarly journals KAJIAN KELAYAKAN EKONOMI PEMBANGUNAN JEMBATAN LAYANG SIMPANG SELAYANG KOTA MEDAN

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-34
Author(s):  
Amrizal Amrizal ◽  
Jeffry Lisra
Keyword(s):  
Unit Cost ◽  
Travel Cost ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Land Acquisition ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Operational Cost ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Time Value ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Base Structure

The purpose of this study is to create an economically effective flyover construction in Medan so that this study can inspire the local official. Total cost of the construction is Rp. 720 billion which consist of  Rp 10.8 billion of flyover base structure construction cost, mobilization and road hardening cost, design and supervision cost; Rp 7.641 billion annual maintenance unit cost; Rp 22.923 billion/5 years periodically maintenance cost; and Rp 4,375,000/m2 estimated  land acquisition cost. The calculated benefit is travel cost cut-off which is the difference between the total travel cost with and without project. The travel cost consists of Vehicle Operational Cost and Time Value. Based on year 2014 analysis, the total amount of the cut-off saving of Simpang Selayang Flyover is Rp 30.06 billion. Economic feasibility analysis of horizon years for 30 years showed that the benefit obtained based on NPV, which is Rp 61,1 billion, is not adequate enough for 12,5 % annual interest rate, this can be seen by the 10.99% Internal Rate Return (IRR), so, the value of Simpang Selayang Flyover construction is not economically feasible yet.

scholarly journals Different Variations of Cost Curve in Economics

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-28
Author(s):  
Hartini Ab Ghani
Keyword(s):  
Market Economy ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Cost Curve ◽  
Free Market Economy ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Cost Curves ◽  
Short Run

In economics, a cost curve is a graph of the costs of production as a function of total quantity produced. In a free market economy, productively efficient firms optimize their production process by minimizing cost consistent with each possible level of production, and the result is a cost curve; and profit maximizing firms use cost curves to decide output quantities. There are various types of cost curves, all related to each other, including total and average cost curves; marginal ("for each additional unit") cost curves, which are equal to the differential of the total cost curves; and variable cost curves. Some are applicable to the short run, others to the long run.

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