scholarly journals Effects of laterality and pitch height of an auditory accessory stimulus on horizontal response selection: The Simon effect and the SMARC effect

2009 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 666-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akio Nishimura ◽  
Kazuhiko Yokosawa
Keyword(s):  
Simon Effect ◽  
Response Selection ◽  
Pitch Height ◽  
Accessory Stimulus

Flanker and Simon effects interact at the response selection stage

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 (9) ◽  
pp. 1784-1804 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Treccani ◽  
Roberto Cubelli ◽  
Sergio Della Sala ◽  
Carlo Umiltà
Keyword(s):  
Response Selection ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Correspondence Effects ◽  
Correspondence Effect ◽  
Accessory Stimulus ◽  
Target Set ◽  
Referential Coding ◽  
Selection Stage ◽  
Effect Experiment

The present study aimed at investigating the processing stage underlying stimulus–stimulus (S–S) congruency effects by examining the relation of a particular type of congruency effect (i.e., the flanker effect) with a stimulus–response (S–R) spatial correspondence effect (i.e., the Simon effect). Experiment 1 used a unilateral flanker task in which the flanker also acted as a Simon-like accessory stimulus. Results showed a significant S–S Congruency × S–R Correspondence interaction: An advantage for flanker–response spatially corresponding trials was observed in target–flanker congruent conditions, whereas, in incongruent conditions, there was a noncorresponding trials’ advantage. The analysis of the temporal trend of the correspondence effects ruled out a temporal-overlap account for the observed interaction. Moreover, results of Experiment 2, in which the flanker did not belong to the target set, demonstrated that this interaction cannot be attributed to perceptual grouping of the target–flanker pairs and referential coding of the target with respect to the flanker in the congruent and incongruent conditions, respectively. Taken together, these findings are consistent with a response selection account of congruency effects: Both the position and the task-related attribute of the flanker would activate the associated responses. In noncorresponding-congruent trials and corresponding-incongruent trials, this would cause a conflict at the response selection stage.

Binding of Event Files in a (go/no-go) Simon Task With an Accessory Peripheral Signal

2009 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Maetens ◽  
David Henderickx ◽  
Eric Soetens
Keyword(s):  
Simon Effect ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Simon Task ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Response Signal ◽  
Event File ◽  
Response Information ◽  
Event Files ◽  
Accessory Stimulus ◽  
Accessory Signal

To understand the relation between the Simon effect and the time course of relevant and irrelevant code activations, we presented the response signal before or simultaneously with a go/no-go signal in an accessory Simon task. A peripheral accessory signal could appear before, simultaneously with or after the go/no-go signal. We observed a Simon effect when the accessory signal was presented just before or simultaneously with the go signal, irrespective of the delay between response and go/no-go signal. The Simon effect reversed when the accessory signal was presented 150 ms after the go signal when response information was presented first and the participants had to make a go/no-go decision afterwards or when they had to select a response when the go signal appeared. The reversal did not occur when both decisions were required at the same time. Our data suggest that the integration and release of event files are involved in the occurrence of the reversal. Response activation induced by the accessory stimulus facilitates/interferes with the response when it is presented before the event file is integrated. When the accessory stimulus is presented after integration, the automatically activated response is inhibited, causing a delay in the corresponding reaction times.

Response Selection and Attention Orienting

2009 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 274-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Spironelli ◽  
Mariaelena Tagliabue ◽  
Carlo Umiltà
Keyword(s):  
Simon Effect ◽  
Response Selection ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Hemispheric Lateralization ◽  
Connectionist Model ◽  
Selection Mechanism ◽  
Neural Structure ◽  
Attention Orienting ◽  
Attention System ◽  
Side Bias

Recently, there has been a redirection of research efforts toward the exploration of the role of hemispheric lateralization in determining Simon effect asymmetries. The present study aimed at implementing a connectionist model that simulates the cognitive mechanisms implied by such asymmetries, focusing on the underlying neural structure. A left-lateralized response-selection mechanism was implemented alone (Experiment 1) or along with a right-lateralized automatic attention-orienting mechanism (Experiment 2). It was found that both models yielded Simon effect asymmetries. However, whereas the first model showed a reversed pattern of asymmetry compared with human, real data, the second model’s performance strongly resembled human Simon effect asymmetries, with a significantly greater right than left Simon effect. Thus, a left-side bias in the response-selection mechanism produced a left-side biased Simon effect, whereas a right-side bias in the attention system produced a right-side biased Simon effect. In conclusion, results showed that the bias of the attention system had a larger impact than the bias of the response-selection mechanism in producing Simon effect asymmetries.

scholarly journals Psychophysiological Studies of Unattended Information Processing

2000 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 76-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Valle-Inclán ◽  
Carmen de Labra ◽  
Milagros Redondo
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Simon Effect ◽  
Response Selection ◽  
Research Strategy ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Response Interference ◽  
Invaluable Tool ◽  
The University ◽  
The Way

The article describes the general methods and some of the results obtained in the Psychophysiology Laboratory of the University of La Coruña. The paper covers our research on the Simon effect and accessory effect, although it is not a review of the literature. The research strategy we followed is built around the use of lateralized motor potentials recorded from scalp. These measures allow observing the way responses are selected and when they are selected, providing an invaluable tool to study response interference and to split reaction time into two halves. The research on the Simon effect concludes that interference during response selection is critical in the Simon effect but it is dubious whether this process should be considered as automatic and stimulus-driven, as is widely accepted. The experiments with the accessory effect indicate that facilitation is produced before response selection is over, which ends a long controversy about the locus of the accessory effect.

scholarly journals Accessory Stimulus Effects on Response Selection: Does Arousal Speed Decision Making?

1999 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven A. Hackley ◽  
Fernando Valle-Inclán
Keyword(s):  
Response Selection ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Dependent Measure ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Stimulus Effects ◽  
Accessory Stimulus ◽  
Alternative Responses

When an intense but task-irrelevant “accessory” stimulus accompanies the imperative stimulus in a choice reaction task, reaction times (RTs) are facilitated. In a similar previous study (Hackley & Valle-Inclán, 1998), we showed that this effect is not due to a reduction of the interval from onset of the lateralized readiness potential (LRP) until movement onset. In the present study, the RT task was modified to move a portion of the response selection stage into this time interval. The interval remained invariant, indicating that this late phase of the response selection process is not speeded by accessory stimulation. However, we observed amplitude modulation of the LRP on no-go trials in a condition with three alternative responses. This finding suggests that an earlier phase of response selection is influenced by accessory stimulation. In addition, a novel dependent measure was introduced to event-related potential research—the latency of spontaneous, posttrial blinking.

The enhanced Simon effect for older adults is reduced when the irrelevant location information is conveyed by an accessory stimulus

2005 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Proctor ◽  
David F. Pick ◽  
Kim-Phuong L. Vu ◽  
Rachael E. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Simon Effect ◽  
Location Information ◽  
Accessory Stimulus

The accessory Simon effect within and across visual dimensions

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 981-993
Author(s):  
Hagit Magen
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Simon Effect ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Response Selection ◽  
Simon Task ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Selection Processes ◽  
Action Model ◽  
Feature Information ◽  
Spatial Locations

The Dimension-Action model maintains that response selection in the visual system is modular, such that response selection based on a target’s feature occurs within modules. This study suggests that response selection processes based on a target’s spatial location occur within modules as well, where spatial locations are coded along with the feature information. From this perspective, the typical Simon effect, in which interference occurs between a target’s feature and its spatial location, occurs within modules. This study explored whether the unique characteristic of the spatial Simon, namely, its reduction with increased reaction time is typical of spatial intra-dimension but not of spatial cross-dimension Simon effects, using the accessory Simon task. Experiment 1 demonstrated that intra-dimension Simon effects were reduced with increased reaction time, a reduction that was modulated by the task relevance of the distractor. In contrast, cross-dimension accessory Simon effects were positive and increased with reaction time. Experiment 2 demonstrated that intra-dimension Simon effects were not reduced when space was conveyed symbolically by arrows. Overall, the study suggests that interference in the accessory Simon task is influenced not only by the nature of the irrelevant spatial information but also by the modular locus of the targets and distractors.

Simon effect with and without awareness of the accessory stimulus.

2006 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 268-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Treccani ◽  
Carlo Umiltà ◽  
Mariaelena Tagliabue
Keyword(s):  
Simon Effect ◽  
Accessory Stimulus
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