scholarly journals Working memory and inhibitory control across the life span: Intrusion errors in the Reading Span Test

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 336-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christelle Robert ◽  
Erika Borella ◽  
Delphine Fagot ◽  
Thierry Lecerf ◽  
Anik de Ribaupierre
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Reading Span ◽  
Span Test ◽  
Intrusion Errors

Neurocognitive Constructs Underlying Executive Control in Statistically-Determined Mild Cognitive Impairment

2021 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheina Emrani ◽  
Melissa Lamar ◽  
Catherine Price ◽  
Satya Baliga ◽  
Victor Wasserman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Serial Order ◽  
Temporal Organization ◽  
Executive Attention ◽  
Span Test ◽  
Preparatory Set

Background: The model of executive attention proposes that temporal organization, i.e., the time necessary to bring novel tasks to fruition is an important construct that modulates executive control. Subordinate to temporal organization are the constructs of working memory, preparatory set, and inhibitory control. Objective: The current research operationally-defined the constructs underlying the theory of executive attention using intra-component latencies (i.e., reaction times) from a 5-span backward digit test from patients with suspected mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods: An iPad-version of the Backward Digit Span Test (BDT) was administered to memory clinic patients. Patients with (n = 22) and without (n = 36) MCI were classified. Outcome variables included intra-component latencies for all correct 5-span serial order responses. Results: Average total time did not differ. A significant 2-group by 5-serial order latency interaction revealed the existence of distinct time epochs. Non-MCI patients produced slower latencies on initial (position 2-working memory/preparatory set) and latter (position 4-inhibitory control) correct serial order responses. By contrast, patients with MCI produced a slower latency for middle serial order responses (i.e., position 3-preparatory set). No group differences were obtained for incorrect 5-span test trials. Conclusion: The analysis of 5-span BDT serial order latencies found distinct epochs regarding how time was allocated in the context of successful test performance. Intra-component latencies obtained from tests assessing mental re-ordering may constitute useful neurocognitive biomarkers for emergent neurodegenerative illness.

scholarly journals Effect of memory load on eye movement control: A study using the reading span test

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Miyuki Azuma ◽  
Takehiro Minamoto ◽  
Ken Yaoi ◽  
Mariko Osaka ◽  
Naoyuki Osaka
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Memory Load ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Fixation Time ◽  
Reading Span ◽  
Load Effect ◽  
Eye Movement Control ◽  
Span Test ◽  
Memory Resources

We investigated the effect of memory load on attentional control using the Reading Span Test (RST), a task that requires working memory capacity. Previous studies have shown that a shortage of working memory resources leads to a deficit of inhibition of taskirrelevant information and that memory load affects eye movement control. Here, we recorded eye movement and integrated it with RST performance. Total fixation time and the number of regressions showed a memory load effect with the to-be-remembered word, and RST performance was also affected under high memory load. We concluded that a shortage of working memory resources caused by memory load prevents flexible eye movement control and may cause a deficit in inhibitory control based on intrusion errors.

scholarly journals Working memory and reading comprehension: Measurement through reading span test and cloze type test for high school and university levels

Apertura ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 38-53
Author(s):  
Ismael Esquivel Gámez ◽  
Waltraud Martínez Olvera ◽  
Rafael Córdoba del Valle ◽  
Carlos Reyes Gutiérrez
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Reading Span ◽  
Span Test ◽  
Type Test

Increases in Intrusion Errors and Working Memory Deficit of Poor Comprehenders

1998 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rossana De Beni ◽  
Paola Palladino ◽  
Francesca Pazzaglia ◽  
Cesare Cornoldi
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Memory Test ◽  
Lower Performance ◽  
Span Test ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Poor Comprehenders ◽  
Good Comprehenders ◽  
Sentence Form ◽  
Intrusion Errors

This study tests the hypothesis that the ability to inhibit already processed and actually irrelevant information could influence performance in the listening span test (Daneman & Carpenter, 1980) and have a crucial role in reading comprehension. In two experiments, the listening span test and a new working memory test were given to two groups of young adults, poor and good comprehenders, matched for logical reasoning ability. In Experiment 1, the poor comprehenders had a significantly lower performance in the listening span test associated to a higher number of intrusions—that is, recalled words that, in spite of being in sentence form, were not placed in the last position. In Experiment 2, a new working memory test was devised in order to analyse more effectively the occurrence of intrusions. Subjects were required to listen to a growing series of strings of animal and non-animal words. Whilst listening, they had to detect when an animal word occurred, and at the end of each series they had to recall the last word of each string. The poor comprehenders obtained a significantly lower performance in the memory task and made a higher number of intrusions, particularly of animal words.

scholarly journals High working memory performers have efficient eye movement control systems under Reading Span Test

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Miyuki Azuma ◽  
Takashi Ikeda ◽  
Takehiro Minamoto ◽  
Mariko Osaka ◽  
Naoyuki Osaka
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Working Memory Capacity ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Memory Capacity ◽  
Fixation Time ◽  
Reading Span ◽  
Eye Movement Control ◽  
Span Test

Controlled eye movements are critical in performing highly goal oriented behavior such as text reading. Previous studies have examined the relationship between working memory capacity and eye movement control during working memory task. However, the results were inconsistent, due to a methodological issue including the predictability of target location. In the present study, we used Japanese version of reading span test, where the position of to-be-remembered word is not predictable so that more efficient attentional control is required, and investigated how working memory capacity contributes to eye movement control during reading span test. Results based on total fixation time revealed that highworking memory performers efficiently control or shift their attention under high memory load.

scholarly journals The Effects of Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury on Verbal and Visual-Spatial Working Memory

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Gorman ◽  
Marcia A. Barnes ◽  
Paul R. Swank ◽  
Mary Prasad ◽  
Linda Ewing-Cobbs
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Spatial Working Memory ◽  
Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Visual Spatial ◽  
Intrusion Errors ◽  
Visual Spatial Working Memory

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) on verbal and visual-spatial working memory (WM). WM tasks examined memory span through recall of the last item of a series of stimuli. Additionally, both verbal and visual-spatial tests had a dual-task condition assessing the effect of increasing demands on the central executive (CE). Inhibitory control processes in verbal WM were examined through intrusion errors. The TBI group (n= 73) performed more poorly on verbal and visual-spatial WM tasks than orthopedic-injured children (n= 30) and non-injured children (n= 40). All groups performed more poorly on the dual-task conditions, reflecting an effect of increasing CE load. This effect was not greater for the TBI group. There were no group differences in intrusion errors on the verbal WM task, suggesting that problems in WM experienced by children with TBI were not primarily due to difficulties in inhibitory control. Finally, injury-related characteristics, namely days to follow commands, accounted for significant variance in WM performance, after controlling for relevant demographic variables. Findings suggest that WM impairments in TBI are general rather than modality-specific and that severity indices measured over time are better predictors of WM performance than those taken at a single time point. (JINS, 2012,18, 29–38)

Investigation of functional working memory in the reading span test.

1992 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 462-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Tirre ◽  
Carmen M. Peña
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Reading Span ◽  
Span Test

A Standard Computerized Version of the Reading Span Test in Different Languages

2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurits van den Noort ◽  
Peggy Bosch ◽  
Marco Haverkort ◽  
Kenneth Hugdahl
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Verbal Working Memory ◽  
Reading Span ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
Span Test ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Made In

The Reading Span Test (RST) is a verbal working-memory test. The original RST ( Daneman & Carpenter, 1980 ), and derivatives of it, are being used increasingly as assessments of central executive functioning and for research on aging-associated cognitive decline ( Whitney, Arnett, Driver, & Budd, 2001 ). Several versions have been made in order to further improve the test or to develop a version in a different language. However, all versions changed different things, making direct comparisons of the results with the RST between different research groups and across different languages impossible. This paper presents the results of testing a new standard computerized version of the RST in four languages (Dutch, English, German, and Norwegian). The new RST meets strict methodological criteria that are the same for all four language versions. A plausibility test, an abstract-concrete rating scale, and a pilot-study were conducted on native speakers to test the new RST. In addition, the internal and external reliability and the ecological validity of the new RST were tested. The results showed that the new RST is a suitable test to investigate verbal working memory. Finally, an important advantage of the new RST is that the different language versions make cross-linguistic comparisons of RST results possible.

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