scholarly journals Effect of chromatic surround during nondifferential training and generalization test upon generalization along the angularity dimension in pigeons

1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin R. Baron ◽  
Elaine L. Bresnahan
Keyword(s):  
Generalization Test ◽  
Angularity Dimension

scholarly journals Prey community structure affects how predators select for Müllerian mimicry

2012 ◽  
Vol 279 (1736) ◽  
pp. 2099-2105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eira Ihalainen ◽  
Hannah M. Rowland ◽  
Michael P. Speed ◽  
Graeme D. Ruxton ◽  
Johanna Mappes
Keyword(s):  
Prey Species ◽  
Generalization Test ◽  
Parus Major ◽  
Warning Signal ◽  
Specific Model ◽  
Müllerian Mimicry ◽  
Effective Community ◽  
Mullerian Mimicry ◽  
Specialist Predators ◽  
Signal Accuracy

Müllerian mimicry describes the close resemblance between aposematic prey species; it is thought to be beneficial because sharing a warning signal decreases the mortality caused by sampling by inexperienced predators learning to avoid the signal. It has been hypothesized that selection for mimicry is strongest in multi-species prey communities where predators are more prone to misidentify the prey than in simple communities. In this study, wild great tits ( Parus major ) foraged from either simple (few prey appearances) or complex (several prey appearances) artificial prey communities where a specific model prey was always present. Owing to slower learning, the model did suffer higher mortality in complex communities when the birds were inexperienced. However, in a subsequent generalization test to potential mimics of the model prey (a continuum of signal accuracy), only birds that had foraged from simple communities selected against inaccurate mimics. Therefore, accurate mimicry is more likely to evolve in simple communities even though predator avoidance learning is slower in complex communities. For mimicry to evolve, prey species must have a common predator; the effective community consists of the predator's diet. In diverse environments, the limited diets of specialist predators could create ‘simple community pockets’ where accurate mimicry is selected for.

scholarly journals An investigation into the language and generalization abilities in the brain-injured and non brain-injured mentally retarded child

1970 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilana Oken
Keyword(s):  
Physical Disabilities ◽  
Generalization Test ◽  
Retarded Child ◽  
Diagnostic Group ◽  
Language Ability ◽  
Government Schools ◽  
Brain Injured ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Iq Scores ◽  
The Brain

Five brain-injured children were compared with five non brain-injured children on the ITPA and a Generalization Test devised by the writer. These children were aged between 7 and 11 years, and their IQ scores were between 65 and 80. All the children were in special classes in government schools in Johannesburg, and were free of auditory, visual and physical disabilities. The results of this investigation were presented and discussed in terms of whether any difference in language ability of the subjects in this study was present, so as to see whether there was a "typical" profile for each diagnostic group. It was concluded that there are different types of peaks in the profiles of the two groups, and that both groups have poor generalization ability. A close inter-relationship between language and generalization abilities was considered to exist.

Exploring the effect of eye gaze cues on novel L2 morphosyntactic pattern learning

2020 ◽  
pp. 026765831989682
Author(s):  
Dato Abashidze ◽  
Kim McDonough ◽  
Yang Gao
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Generalization Test ◽  
Pattern Learning ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Visual Events ◽  
Static Images ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Gaze Cues

Recent research that explored how input exposure and learner characteristics influence novel L2 morphosyntactic pattern learning has exposed participants to either text or static images rather than dynamic visual events. Furthermore, it is not known whether incorporating eye gaze cues into dynamic visual events enhances dual pattern learning. Therefore, this exploratory eye-tracking study examined whether eye gaze cues during dynamic visual events facilitate novel L2 pattern learning. University students ( n = 72) were exposed to 36 training videos with two dual novel morphosyntactic patterns in pseudo-Georgian: completed events ( bich-ma kocn-ul gogoit, ‘boy kissed girl’) and ongoing actions ( bich-su kocn-ar gogoit, ‘boy is kissing girl’). They then carried out an immediate test with 24 items using the same vocabulary words, followed by a generalization test with 24 items created from new vocabulary words. Results indicated that learners who received the eye gaze cues scored significantly higher on the immediate test and relied on the verb cues more than on the noun cues. A post-hoc analysis of eye-movement data indicated that the gaze cues elicited longer looks to the correct images. Findings are discussed in relation to visual cues and novel morphosyntactic pattern learning.

Some Determinants of the Peak Shift in Stimulus Generalization

1973 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie G. Weinberg
Keyword(s):  
Discrimination Training ◽  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Behavioral Contrast ◽  
Generalization Test ◽  
Variable Interval ◽  
Peak Shift ◽  
Test Session ◽  
Stimulus Generalization ◽  
Physical Separation ◽  
Subsequent Discrimination

Rats were pretrained in the presence of an auditory click rate stimulus of 14 pps correlated with variable-interval or variable-ratio reinforcement. During subsequent discrimination training, the added stimulus, correlated with extinction, was 18, 36, 72, or 0 (no sound) pps. After discrimination, Ss were given a generalization test session, in extinction, in which five click rate stimuli were presented. The inverse relationship between physical separation of the discrimination training stimuli and amount of peak shift of the generalization gradient occurred regardless of the original positive reinforcement schedule during training. Behavioral contrast was not produced by all Ss. Results demonstrated no effect of separation of training stimuli on behavioral contrast and that behavioral contrast and peak shift need not covary.

Second language articulatory training and computer-generated feedback in L2 pronunciation improvement

2016 ◽  
Vol 167 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-209
Author(s):  
Meisam Rahimi
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Generalization Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Acoustic Feedback ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Manner Of Articulation ◽  
Esl Learners ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Group 1

This paper investigates the efficacy of articulatory training and acoustic feedback on Persian L2 learners’ production of English segmental (/ɒ/). A sample of 30 Persian ESL learners was recruited- 10 learners were randomly assigned to the experimental group 1, 10 to the experimental group 2, and 10 to the control group. Over a five-week period, the experimental group 1 received training on the manner of articulation of the segment, the experimental group 2 received acoustic-articulatory training and was exposed to CALL software for receiving feedback, and the control group was only exposed to auditory input. The groups were given a pretest, an immediate posttest, and a generalization test. The results of the study showed a significant improvement in the performance of the participants in both the posttest and the generalization test in the experimental group 2. These findings suggest the inefficiency of the mere knowledge of the manner of articulation of the segment and lend support to the feasibility of using acoustic features of sounds and computer-based, learner-centred programs for second language segmental acquisition.

Effect of Houselight Conditions on Masking of Angularity-Stimulus Control

1972 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-58
Author(s):  
David C. Duplissea ◽  
T. Gary Waller
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Control ◽  
Vertical Line ◽  
Dominant Dimension ◽  
Angularity Dimension ◽  
White Vertical Line

18 pigeons were given nondifferential training to a white vertical line on a red surround. One group was trained with houselight illumination (Group HL); another was trained without houselight illumination (Group NHL). Stimulus control on the angularity dimension was measured with red and with black surround. The relative gradients on the red and on the black surround did not differ significantly for Group HL but for Group NHL the gradient on the black surround was significantly steeper than on the red surround. The relative gradient on the black surround was steeper for Group NHL than for Group HL but on the red surround the gradients did not differ. The results support the hypothesis that stimuli from a more dominant dimension mask control exercised by stimuli from a less dominant dimension.

scholarly journals Individual patterns of attentional exploration predict the extent of fear generalization in humans

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Reutter ◽  
Matthias Gamer
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Generalization Gradient ◽  
Generalization Test ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Conditioning Paradigm ◽  
Attentional Deployment ◽  
Facial Stimuli ◽  
Fear Generalization ◽  
Rate Deceleration

Generalization of fear is an important mechanism contributing to the etiology and maintenance of anxiety disorders. Although previous studies have identified perceptual aspects and evaluation processes as determinants of fear generalization, it is currently unclear, to what degree overt attention might mediate its magnitude. To test the prediction that attentional preferences for diagnostic stimulus aspects reduce fear generalization, we developed a set of facial stimuli that was meticulously manipulated such that pairs of faces could be distinguished by looking into predefined diagnostic areas. These pairs were then employed as CS+ and CS− in a differential fear conditioning paradigm followed by a generalization test. Results indicated a typical quadratic fear generalization gradient in shock expectancy ratings but its shape was altered depending on individual attentional deployment. Subjects who dwelled on the distinguishing stimulus regions faster and for longer periods of time exhibited less fear generalization. Although heart rate responses also showed a generalization gradient with heart rate deceleration increasing as a function of threat, these responses were not significantly related to patterns of attentional exploration. Altogether the current results indicate that the extent of fear generalization depends on individual patterns of attentional exploration. This implies that overgeneralization of fear, as observed in patients with anxiety disorders, might be treated by perceptual trainings that aim to augment discriminability between threatening and safe situations.

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