scholarly journals Effects of treadle training on autoshaped keypecking: Learned laziness and learned industriousness or response competition?

1974 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 369-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry Schwartz ◽  
Daniel Reisberg ◽  
Teresa Vollmecke
Keyword(s):  
Response Competition ◽  
Learned Industriousness

Sensory Competition and Its Effects on Perceptual Load and Response Competition

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Torralbo ◽  
Paige Scalf ◽  
Diane Beck ◽  
Arthur F. Kramer
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Load ◽  
Response Competition

Extinction and response competition in original and interpolated learning of a visual discrimination.

1968 ◽  
Vol 77 (3, Pt.1) ◽  
pp. 422-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Crowder ◽  
Michael Cole ◽  
Richard Boucher
Keyword(s):  
Visual Discrimination ◽  
Response Competition

Emotional working memory load selectively increases negativity bias

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Harp ◽  
Michael D. Dodd ◽  
Maital Neta
Keyword(s):  
Memory Load ◽  
Response Competition ◽  
Negativity Bias ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Shared Resources ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Competing Demands ◽  
The Face ◽  
Positive Valence

Cognitive resources are needed for successful executive functioning; when resources are limited due to competing demands, task performance is impaired. Although some tasks are accomplished with relatively few resources (e.g., judging trustworthiness and emotion in others), others are more complex. Specifically, in the face of emotional ambiguity (i.e., stimuli that do not convey a clear positive or negative meaning, such as a surprised facial expression), our decisions to approach or avoid appear to rely on the availability of top-down regulatory resources to overcome an initial negativity bias. Cognition-emotion interaction theories (e.g., dual competition) posit that emotion and executive processing rely on shared resources, suggesting that competing demands would hamper these regulatory responses towards emotional ambiguity. Here, we employed a 2x2 design to investigate the effects of load (low versus high) and domain (non-emotional vs. emotional) on evaluations of surprised faces. As predicted, there were domain-specific effects, such that categorizations of surprise were more negative for emotional than non-emotional loads. Consistent with prior work, low load (regardless of domain; i.e., domain-general) was associated with greater response competition on trials resulting in a positive categorization, showing that positive categorizations are characterized by an initial negativity. This effect was diminished under high load. These results lend insight into the resources supporting a positive valence bias by demonstrating that emotion-specific regulatory resources are important for overriding the initial negativity in response to emotional ambiguity. However, both domain-general and domain-specific loads impact the underlying processes.

Size of the Environment as a Determiner of Effects of Scopolamine

1975 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warren J. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Response Competition ◽  
Base Rate ◽  
Field Size ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Open Fields

64 rats were injected with either saline or 0.25 mg/kg scopolamine and tested in one of four different-sized open fields. There was a positive correlation between increasing field size and increased ambulation in undrugged animals. Scopolamine increased ambulation in rats in the 2 smaller fields but not in the larger 2 fields; and it did not attenuate the rate of habituation. Rearing and grooming were not affected so much by field size, but grooming was increased by scopolamine. The results can be interpreted in terms of base rate/response competition hypotheses.

Counterconditioning, Hierarchy, and CS Exposure in Extinction of Human Avoidance Responding

1980 ◽  
Vol 46 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1139-1150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jagdish K. Dua
Keyword(s):  
Avoidance Response ◽  
Response Competition ◽  
Effective Procedure ◽  
Button Press ◽  
Treatment Trials ◽  
Pleasant Events

Eight groups of subjects were trained to make a button-press avoidance response and were then given 15 treatment trials before being tested for extinction. Subjects in the Flooding group were exposed to the 2000-Hz tone (CS) for 20.0 sec. irrespective of their responding. In six other groups subjects were treated according to a 2 × 3 design. They were either exposed to the original CS (CS groups) or a hierarchy of tone stimuli leading to the CS (Graded CS groups). Subjects were asked either to imagine nothing (CS-only and Graded CS-only), imagine neutral events (CS-neutral and Graded CS-neutral), or imagine pleasant events (CS-pleasant and Graded CS-pleasant). A Yoked-flooding group in which CS durations were identical to the CS durations in the CS-pleasant group was also tested. Testing during extinction showed that avoidance responding was most resistant to extinction in the CS-only, Graded CS-only, and Neutral groups and least in the Flooding group. The Pleasant groups showed quicker extinction than the Neutral, CS-only, and Graded CS-only groups. The CS-pleasant group was quicker to extinguish than the Yoked-flooding group. Although flooding was the most effective procedure, the results showed that not all the effects of response competition, through imagination of pleasant experiences, could be explained through the CS-exposure hypothesis.

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