scholarly journals Rats’ barpressing in the presence of free food as a function of fixed ratio schedules

1974 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert D. Tarte ◽  
Charles R. Vernon
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Ratio ◽  
Free Food

Effects of Food Deprivation on Fixed Ratio Barpressing in the Presence of Free Food

1977 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 441-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lizabeth A. Barclay ◽  
Donald E. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Fixed Ratio ◽  
Free Food

scholarly journals Addition of a single short-acting insulin bolus to basal insulin-supported oral therapy: a systematic review of data on the basal-plus regimen

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. e000679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jochen Seufert ◽  
Anja Borck ◽  
Peter Bramlage
Keyword(s):  
Basal Insulin ◽  
Fixed Ratio ◽  
Severe Hypoglycemia ◽  
Insulin Regimen ◽  
Premixed Insulin ◽  
Minimal Impact ◽  
Short Acting ◽  
Acting Insulin ◽  
Short Acting Insulin ◽  
Basal Bolus

We summarize here clinical and trial data on a once-daily administration of a single bolus to the meal with the largest expected postprandial glucose excursion (basal-plus), and comment on its clinical utility in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. A PubMed search of data published until September 2018 was taken into consideration and PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines were followed. Eighteen reports representing 15 studies were identified (age: 18–80 years; 50–890 patients; follow-up: 8 days to 60 weeks). Data suggest basal-plus is efficacious for improving glycemic control, with a low incidence of (severe) hypoglycemia and minor increases in bodyweight. The timing of short-acting insulin administration and use of different monitoring/titration approaches appear to have minimal impact. When compared with premixed insulin, basal-plus results in largely comparable outcomes. Compared with basal-bolus, it may result in non-inferior glycemic improvements with less weight gain, less hypoglycemia and fewer daily injections. A basal insulin/glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist fixed ratio combination may offer several advantages over the basal-plus regimen, at the cost of gastrointestinal side effects. We conclude that the stepwise introduction of short-acting insulin via the basal-plus strategy represents a viable alternative to a full basal-bolus regimen and may help to overcome barriers associated with multiple injections and anticipated complexity of the insulin regimen.

scholarly journals Sampling strategies to evaluate the prognostic value of a new biomarker on a time-to-event end-point

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Graziano ◽  
Maria Grazia Valsecchi ◽  
Paola Rebora
Keyword(s):  
Survival Data ◽  
Prognostic Value ◽  
Cox Model ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Fixed Ratio ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Time To Event ◽  
Full Cohort ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Nested Case Control

Abstract Background The availability of large epidemiological or clinical data storing biological samples allow to study the prognostic value of novel biomarkers, but efficient designs are needed to select a subsample on which to measure them, for parsimony and economical reasons. Two-phase stratified sampling is a flexible approach to perform such sub-sampling, but literature on stratification variables to be used in the sampling and power evaluation is lacking especially for survival data. Methods We compared the performance of different sampling designs to assess the prognostic value of a new biomarker on a time-to-event endpoint, applying a Cox model weighted by the inverse of the empirical inclusion probability. Results Our simulation results suggest that case-control stratified (or post stratified) by a surrogate variable of the marker can yield higher performances than simple random, probability proportional to size, and case-control sampling. In the presence of high censoring rate, results showed an advantage of nested case-control and counter-matching designs in term of design effect, although the use of a fixed ratio between cases and controls might be disadvantageous. On real data on childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia, we found that optimal sampling using pilot data is greatly efficient. Conclusions Our study suggests that, in our sample, case-control stratified by surrogate and nested case-control yield estimates and power comparable to estimates obtained in the full cohort while strongly decreasing the number of patients required. We recommend to plan the sample size and using sampling designs for exploration of novel biomarker in clinical cohort data.

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