scholarly journals The role of response suppression in behavioral contrast: Signaled reinforcement

1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron J. Brownstein ◽  
Ronald G. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Contrast ◽  
Response Suppression ◽  
Signaled Reinforcement

scholarly journals The Functional Role of Response Suppression during an Urge to Relieve Pain

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (9) ◽  
pp. 1404-1421
Author(s):  
Kelsey K. Sundby ◽  
Johanna Wagner ◽  
Adam R. Aron
Keyword(s):  
Short Interval ◽  
Intracortical Inhibition ◽  
Gabaergic Interneuron ◽  
Response Suppression ◽  
Active Response ◽  
Relieve Pain ◽  
Clinical Disorders ◽  
Functional Relevance ◽  
Interneuron Activity

Being in the state of having both a strong impulse to act and a simultaneous need to withhold is commonly described as an “urge.” Although urges are part of everyday life and also important to several clinical disorders, the components of urge are poorly understood. It has been conjectured that withholding an action during urge involves active response suppression. We tested that idea by designing an urge paradigm that required participants to resist an impulse to press a button and gain relief from heat (one hand was poised to press while the other arm had heat stimulation). We first used paired-pulse TMS over motor cortex (M1) to measure corticospinal excitability of the hand that could press for relief, while participants withheld movement. We observed increased short-interval intracortical inhibition, an index of M1 GABAergic interneuron activity that was maintained across seconds and specific to the task-relevant finger. A second experiment replicated this. We next used EEG to better “image” putative cortical signatures of motor suppression and pain. We found increased sensorimotor beta contralateral to the task-relevant hand while participants withheld the movement during heat. We interpret this as further evidence of a motor suppressive process. Additionally, there was beta desynchronization contralateral to the arm with heat, which could reflect a pain signature. Strikingly, participants who “suppressed” more exhibited less of a putative “pain” response. We speculate that, during urge, a suppressive state may have functional relevance for both resisting a prohibited action and for mitigating discomfort.

scholarly journals Corticostriatal suppression of appetitive Pavlovian conditioned responding

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franz R. Villaruel ◽  
Melissa Martins ◽  
Nadia Chaudhri
Keyword(s):  
Nucleus Accumbens ◽  
Pavlovian Conditioning ◽  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Separate Experiment ◽  
Response Suppression ◽  
Nucleus Accumbens Shell ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Cocaine Seeking ◽  
Conditioned Responding

ABSTRACTThe capacity to suppress learned responses is essential for animals to adapt in dynamic environments. Extinction is a process by which animals learn to suppress conditioned responding when an expected outcome is omitted. The infralimbic cortex (IL) to nucleus accumbens shell (NAcS) neural circuit is implicated in suppressing conditioned responding after extinction, especially in the context of operant cocaine-seeking behaviour. However, the role of the IL-to-NAcS neural circuit in the extinction of responding to appetitive Pavlovian cues is unknown and the psychological mechanisms involved in response suppression following extinction are unclear. We trained rats to associate a 10 s auditory conditioned stimulus (CS; 14 trials per session) with a sucrose unconditioned stimulus (US; 0.2 mL per CS) in a specific context and then, following extinction in a different context, precipitated a renewal of CS responding by presenting the CS alone in the original Pavlovian conditioning context. Unilateral, optogenetic stimulation of the IL-to-NAcS circuit selectively during CS trials suppressed renewal. In a separate experiment, IL-to-NAcS stimulation suppressed CS responding regardless of prior extinction and impaired extinction retrieval. Finally, IL-to-NAcS stimulation during the CS did not suppress the acquisition of Pavlovian conditioning but was required for the subsequent expression of CS responding. These results are consistent with multiple studies showing that the IL-to-NAcS neural circuit is involved in the suppression of operant cocaine-seeking, extending these findings to appetitive Pavlovian cues. The suppression of appetitive Pavlovian responding following IL-to-NAcS circuit stimulation does not, however, appear to require an extinction-dependent process.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTExtinction is a form of inhibitory learning through which animals learn to suppress conditioned responding in the face of non-reinforcement. We investigated the role of infralimbic (IL) cortex inputs to the nucleus accumbens shell (NAcS) in the extinction of responding to appetitive Pavlovian cues and the psychological mechanisms involved in response suppression following extinction. Using in vivo optogenetics, we found that stimulating the IL-to-NAcS neural circuit suppressed context-induced renewal of conditioned responding after extinction. In a separate experiment, stimulating the IL-to-NAcS circuit suppressed conditioned responding in an extinction-independent manner. These findings can be leveraged by future research aimed at understanding how corticostriatal circuits contribute to behavioural flexibility and mental disorders that involve the suppression of learned behaviours.

12. The Role of the Human Prefrontal Cortex in the Response Suppression of Eye Movements

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Lloyd Chan
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Intersection Point ◽  
Response Suppression ◽  
Task Selection ◽  
Ratio Increase ◽  
Time Courses ◽  
Anti Saccades ◽  
Increased Activity

Increased activity in a population of prefrontal cortex neurons has been shown, in previous studies, to precede correct anti‐saccades in primates. In addition, the time courses of two competing processes in these neurons, task selection (which prepares for an eye movement) and saccade suppression (which prepares for the suppression of an eye movement), intersect at a specific time after the presentation of a coloured instruction cue. The purpose of this study is to use eye tracking behaviour to investigate this intersection point and its role in response suppression in regard to the generation of anti‐saccades in humans. Subjects were instructed before a stimulus appears, using a colour cue, to either look towards the stimulus (pro‐saccade) or away from the stimulus (anti‐saccade). Instruction period times varied from 100ms to 1400ms, in 50ms steps. Based on previous primate electrophysiological data, the ratio of direction errors (pro‐saccades on anti‐saccade trials) to correct anti‐saccades was expected to increase around 400ms to 500ms, when the processes of task selection and saccade suppression diverge. A slight ratio increase was found and full results are forthcoming.

scholarly journals PERAN SISTEM IMUN TERHADAP TERJADINYA PNEUMONIA TERKAIT STROKE

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Al Rasyid
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Medical Complication ◽  
Response Suppression ◽  
Proinflammatory Response ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
System Activation ◽  
Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

THE ROLE OF IMMUNE SYSTEM ON THE OCCURRENCE OF STROKE- ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIAABSTRACTStroke associated pneumonia (SAP) is one of the medical complication which associated with high mortality rate. Several studies conclude two factors involve significantly in pathophysiology of SAP, one of which is immunodepression state. Immunodepression occurs by 3 main pathways, symphathetic system activation, parasymphathetic system activation, and HPA (hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal)  axis activation. Simultaneously, they induce proinflammatory response suppression and immune cells alternation, which lead to an infection like pneumonia. Therefore, establishing an effective immunomodulation therapy could be one of the main focus in comprehensive stroke management’s future studies.Keywords: Immunodepression, stroke-associated pneumoniaABSTRAKKomplikasi pneumonia terkait stroke menjadi salah satu faktor penyebab mortalitas tertinggi. Studi-studi menyimpulkan bahwa ada dua faktor yang berperan pada patofisiologi pneumonia, salah satunya adalah imunodepresi terkait stroke. Imunodepresi terjadi melalui 3 jaras, yaitu aktivitas simpatis, aktivitas parasimpatis, dan aksis hipotalamus- pituitari-adrenal. Secara simultan, ketiganya menekan respons proinflamasi dan mengubah sel-sel imun sehingga pneumonia dapat mudah terjadi. Pembuatan terapi imunomodulasi yang dapat mencegah infeksi namun tidak memperburuk kondisi iskemia dapat menjadi fokus studi penanganan stroke komprehensif di masa datang.Kata kunci: Imunodepresi, pneumonia terkait stroke  

scholarly journals The role of response-reinforcer correlation in signaled reinforcement effects

1990 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd R. Schachtman ◽  
Phil Reed
Keyword(s):  
Signaled Reinforcement
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