scholarly journals The effects of Pavlovian CSs on two food-reinforced baselines— with and without noncontingent shock

1976 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas S. Hyde
Keyword(s):  
Noncontingent Shock

Preserving and Restoring Behavioral Potential Within the Spinal Cord Using an Instrumental Training Paradigm

2001 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 845-855 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric D. Crown ◽  
James W. Grau
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Instrumental Learning ◽  
Nociceptive Stimulation ◽  
Response Contingent ◽  
Instrumental Training ◽  
Typical Experiment ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Noncontingent Shock ◽  
Spinal Cord Function ◽  
Shock Exposure

We have shown that spinal cord neurons can support a simple form of instrumental learning. In a typical experiment, rats are spinalized at the second thoracic vertebra (T2) and given shock to one hindleg. One group (master) receives shock whenever the leg is extended. This response-contingent shock causes an increase in response duration that decreases net shock exposure. This instrumental learning is not observed in yoked controls that receive the same amount of shock independent of leg position (noncontingent shock). Interestingly, rats that have received noncontingent shock also fail to learn when they are subsequently exposed to response-contingent shock on either the ipsilateral or contralateral leg. Just 6 min of noncontingent nociceptive stimulation, applied to the leg or tail, undermines behavioral potential for up to 48 h. The present experiments explore whether a behavioral therapy can prevent and/or reverse this deficit. In experiment 1, spinalized rats received 30 min of training with contingent shock, noncontingent shock, or nothing prior to noncontingent tailshock. They were then tested with contingent shock to the contralateral hindleg. Rats that had received noncontingent shock alone failed to learn. Prior exposure to contingent shock had an immunizing effect that prevented the deficit. Experiment 2examined whether training with contingent shock after noncontingent shock exposure would restore behavioral potential. To facilitate performance during contingent shock training, subjects were given an intrathecal injection of the opioid antagonist naltrexone, a drug treatment that temporarily blocks the expression of the behavioral deficit. Twenty-four hours later subjects were tested with contingent shock on either the ipsilateral or contralateral leg. We found that naltrexone combined with contingent shock therapy restored spinal cord function. Naltrexone alone had no effect. The results suggest that noncontingent nociceptive stimulation can undermine behavioral potential after spinal cord injury and that instrumental training can help preserve, and protect, spinal cord function.

scholarly journals Effect of response-contingent vs. noncontingent shock on ducklings’ preference for novel imprinting stimuli

1978 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 458-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter DePaulo ◽  
Howard S. Hoffman ◽  
Sandra Klein ◽  
Stephen Gaioni
Keyword(s):  
Response Contingent ◽  
Noncontingent Shock

GABAA receptor activation is involved in noncontingent shock inhibition of instrumental conditioning in spinal rats.

2003 ◽  
Vol 117 (4) ◽  
pp. 799-812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam R. Ferguson ◽  
Stephanie N. Washburn ◽  
Eric D. Crown ◽  
James W. Grau
Keyword(s):  
Gabaa Receptor ◽  
Instrumental Conditioning ◽  
Receptor Activation ◽  
Noncontingent Shock
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