Effect of letter orientation and sequential redundancy on the speed of letter search

9 American and 9 Turkish subjects were surveyed on multiple letter-search tasks in English, Turkish, and a text of nonwords. The Americans could only understand English, while the Turkish subjects were fluent in both Turkish and English. The parameters measured were the letter-search speed and the number of identifications of two target letters. For searching speed, there was a significant difference for only the text language. The text of nonwords was searched at the lowest speed of all by both groups of subjects. In the case of the target-letter search, only fluency in a language was a significant factor. Also, when nonwords were used, performances declined on both tasks. We conclude that language familiarity is a more important factor than the language of the text when searching for multiple target letters.

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Dietary glycaemic index and cognitive function: prospective associations in adults of the 1946 British birth cohort

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s136898001800352x ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 22 (8) ◽

pp. 1415-1424 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Elena Philippou ◽

Gerda K Pot ◽

Alexandros Heraclides ◽

Marcus Richards ◽

Rebecca Bendayan

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Function ◽

Social Class ◽

Cognitive Ability ◽

Birth Cohort ◽

Verbal Memory ◽

Glycaemic Index ◽

Life Course Perspective ◽

Occupational Social Class ◽

Rate Of Decline ◽

Letter Search

AbstractObjectiveEvidence suggests that the rate of glucose release following consumption of carbohydrate-containing foods, defined as the glycaemic index (GI), is inversely associated with cognitive function. To date, most of the evidence stems from either single-meal studies or highly heterogeneous cohort studies. We aimed to study the prospective associations of diet GI at age 53 years with outcomes of verbal memory and letter search tests at age 69 years and rate of decline between 53 and 69 years.DesignLongitudinal population-based birth cohort study.SettingMRC National Survey for Health and Development.ParticipantsCohort members (n 1252).ResultsUsing multivariable linear and logistic regression, adjusted for potential confounders, associations of higher-GI diet with lower verbal memory, lower letter search speed and lower number of hits in a letter search test were attenuated after adjustments for cognitive ability at age 15 years, educational attainment, further training and occupational social class. No association was observed between diet GI at 53 years and letter search accuracy or speed–accuracy trade-off at 69 years, or between diet GI at 53 years and rate of decline between 53 and 69 years in any cognitive measure.ConclusionsDiet GI does not appear to predict cognitive function or decline, which was mainly explained by childhood cognitive ability, education and occupational social class. Our findings confirm the need for further research on the association between diet and cognition from a life-course perspective.

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Looking, Sequential Redundancy, Transfer, and Age in Early Keyboard Learning

Ergonomics ◽

10.1080/00140136708930917 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 633-647

Author(s):

J. A. LEONARD ◽

R. C. NEWMAN ◽

G. HILL ◽

J. GARNER

Keyword(s):

Sequential Redundancy

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Reading ability and letter search time: Effects of orthographic structure defined by single-letter positional frequency.

Journal of Experimental Psychology General ◽

10.1037/0096-3445.104.2.146 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 104 (2) ◽

pp. 146-166 ◽

Cited By ~ 118

Author(s):

Mildred Mason

Keyword(s):

Reading Ability ◽

Search Time ◽

Single Letter ◽

Time Effects ◽

Letter Search

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The effects of script on visual search

Interlanguage studies bulletin (Utrecht) ◽

10.1177/026765838700300202 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 102-113 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

David Green ◽

Paul Meara

Keyword(s):

Visual Search ◽

Search Strategy ◽

Native English Speakers ◽

Spanish Speakers ◽

English Speakers ◽

Native Spanish Speakers ◽

Chinese Speakers ◽

English Orthography ◽

Letter Search ◽

The Way

Native English speakers search short strings of letters differently from the way they search strings of nonalphanumeric symbols. Experiment 1 demonstrates the same contrast for native Spanish speakers. Letter search, therefore, is not a result of the peculiarities of English orthography. Since visual search is sensitive to the nature of the symbols being processed, different scripts should produce different effects. Experiments 2 and 3 confirmed such differences for Arabic and Chinese scripts. Furthermore, these experiments showed no evidence that native Arabic and native Chinese speakers adapt their search strategy when dealing with letters. Implications of these findings are considered.

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