scholarly journals Asymmetry between encoding and retrieval processes: Evidence from divided attention and a calibration analysis

2000 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 965-976 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moshe Naveh-Benjamin ◽  
Fergus I. M. Craik ◽  
Dana Gavrilescu ◽  
Nicole D. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Divided Attention ◽  
Retrieval Processes ◽  
Encoding And Retrieval

The effects of divided attention on encoding and retrieval processes in human memory.

1996 ◽  
Vol 125 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fergus I. M. Craik ◽  
Richard Govoni ◽  
Moshe Naveh-Benjamin ◽  
Nicole D. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Divided Attention ◽  
Human Memory ◽  
Retrieval Processes ◽  
Encoding And Retrieval

The effects of divided attention on encoding and retrieval processes: The resiliency of retrieval processes

2000 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 609-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moshe Naveh-Benjamin ◽  
Fergus I. M. Craik ◽  
James G. Perretta ◽  
Simon T. Tonev
Keyword(s):  
Divided Attention ◽  
Retrieval Processes ◽  
Encoding And Retrieval

The Effects of Divided Attention on Encoding and Retrieval Processes: The Resiliency of Retrieval Processes

2000 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 609-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moshe Naveh-Benjamin ◽  
Fergus I. M. Craik ◽  
James G. Perretta ◽  
Simon T. Tonev
Keyword(s):  
Divided Attention ◽  
Secondary Task ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Human Memory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Attentional Resources ◽  
Retrieval Processes ◽  
Cast Doubt ◽  
Substantial Effort ◽  
Encoding And Retrieval

We have recently cast doubt (Craik, Govoni, Naveh-Benjamin, & Anderson, 1996; Naveh-Benjamin, Craik, Guez, & Dori, 1998) on the view that encoding and retrieval processes in human memory are similar. Divided attention at encoding was shown to reduce memory performance significantly, whereas divided attention at retrieval affected memory performance only minimally. In this article we examined this asymmetry further by using more difficult retrieval tasks, which require substantial effort. In one experiment, subjects had to encode and retrieve lists of unfamiliar name-nouns combinations attached to people's photographs, and in the other, subjects had to encode words that were either strong or weak associates of the cues presented with them and then to retrieve those words with either intra- or extra-list cues. The results of both experiments showed that unlike division of attention at encoding, which reduces memory performance markedly, division of attention at retrieval has almost no effect on memory performance, but was accompanied by an increase in secondary-task cost. Such findings again illustrated the resiliency of retrieval processes to manipulations involving the withdrawal of attention. We contend that retrieval processes are obligatory or protected, but that they require attentional resources for their execution.

The Effect of Divided Attention on Encoding and Retrieval in Episodic Memory Revealed by Positron Emission Tomography

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetsuya Iidaka ◽  
Nicole D. Anderson ◽  
Shitij Kapur ◽  
Roberto Cabez ◽  
Fergus I. M. Craik
Keyword(s):  
Positron Emission Tomography ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Divided Attention ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Emission Tomography ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Encoding And Retrieval

The effects of divided attention (DA) on episodic memory encoding and retrieval were investigated in 12 normal young subjects by positron emission tomography (PET). Cerebral blood flow was measured while subjects were concurrently performing a memory task (encoding and retrieval of visually presented word pairs) and an auditory tone-discrimination task. The PET data were analyzed using multivariate Partial Least Squares (PLS), and the results revealed three sets of neural correlates related to specific task contrasts. Brain activity, relatively greater under conditions of full attention (FA) than DA, was identified in the occipital-temporal, medial, and ventral-frontal areas, whereas areas showing relatively more activity under DA than FA were found in the cerebellum, temporo-parietal, left anterior-cingulate gyrus, and bilateral dorsolateral-prefrontal areas. Regions more active during encoding than during retrieval were located in the hippocampus, temporal and the prefrontal cortex of the left hemisphere, and regions more active during retrieval than during encoding included areas in the medial and right-prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, and cuneus. DA at encoding was associated with specific decreases in rCBF in the left-prefrontal areas, whereas DA at retrieval was associated with decreased rCBF in a relatively small region in the right-prefrontal cortex. These different patterns of activity are related to the behavioral results, which showed a substantial decrease in memory performance when the DA task was performed at encoding, but no change in memory levels when the DA task was performed at retrieval.

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