scholarly journals The role of nonolfactory context cues in odor identification

1981 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard G. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Odor Identification ◽  
Context Cues

Possible cues driving context-specific adaptation of optocollic reflex in pigeons (Columba livia)

2012 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 704-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henri Gioanni ◽  
Pierre-Paul Vidal
Keyword(s):  
Columba Livia ◽  
Motor Command ◽  
Slow Phase ◽  
Gaze Stabilization ◽  
Specific Adaptation ◽  
Body Vibration ◽  
Fast Phase ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Context Cues

Context-specific adaptation (Shelhamer M, Clendaniel R. Neurosci Lett 332: 200–204, 2002) explains that reflexive responses can be maintained with different “calibrations” for different situations (contexts). Which context cues are crucial and how they combine to evoke context-specific adaptation is not fully understood. Gaze stabilization in birds is a nice model with which to tackle that question. Previous data showed that when pigeons ( Columba livia) were hung in a harness and subjected to a frontal airstream provoking a flying posture (“flying condition”), the working range of the optokinetic head response [optocollic reflex (OCR)] extended toward higher velocities compared with the “resting condition.” The present study was aimed at identifying which context cues are instrumental in recalibrating the OCR. We investigated that question by using vibrating stimuli delivered during the OCR provoked by rotating the visual surroundings at different velocities. The OCR gain increase and the boost of the fast phase velocity observed during the “flying condition” were mimicked by body vibration. On the other hand, the newly emerged relationship between the fast-phase and slow-phase velocities in the “flying condition” was mimicked by head vibration. Spinal cord lesion at the lumbosacral level decreased the effects of body vibration, whereas lesions of the lumbosacral apparatus had no effect. Our data suggest a major role of muscular proprioception in the context-specific adaptation of the stabilizing behavior, while the vestibular system could contribute to the context-specific adaptation of the orienting behavior. Participation of an efferent copy of the motor command driving the flight cannot be excluded.

Differential sex effects in olfactory functioning: The role of verbal processing

2002 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 691-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Öberg ◽  
Maria Larsson ◽  
Lars Bäckman
Keyword(s):  
Sex Difference ◽  
Odor Identification ◽  
Intensity Discrimination ◽  
Verbal Processing ◽  
Sex Effects ◽  
Odor Memory ◽  
Sensory Acuity ◽  
Odor Naming ◽  
Odor Sensitivity

AbstractWe investigated sex difference across a number of olfactory tasks. Thirty-six men and 35 women ranging in age from 19 to 36 years were assessed in 6 different tasks: absolute sensitivity for n-butanol, intensity discrimination, quality discrimination, episodic recognition memory for familiar and unfamiliar odors, and odor identification. No sex differences were observed in the tasks tapping primarily sensory acuity (i.e., odor sensitivity, intensity discrimination, and quality discrimination) or in episodic memory for unfamiliar odors. By contrast, women outperformed men in the tasks involving verbal processing (i.e., memory for familiar odors and odor identification). Interestingly, controlling for odor naming ability resulted in that the observed sex difference in episodic odor memory for familiar odors disappeared. This outcome suggests that women's superiority in episodic odor memory is largely mediated by their higher proficiency in odor identification.

Role of Context Cues in Learning: Reply to Greeno

1968 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eli Saltz ◽  
Joel W. Ager
Keyword(s):  
Paired Associate ◽  
Paired Associate Learning ◽  
Associate Learning ◽  
Compound Stimuli ◽  
Context Cues ◽  
Valuable Service

Greeno (1968) has performed a valuable service to the understanding of the role of context cues in paired-associate learning by stating the associative summation position sufficiently precisely so that the issues between this position and a differentiation position can be examined more systematically. The writers believe that Greeno's results are consistent with the Saltz and Wickey (1967) differentiation position and are systematically at odds with an associative summation model for the effect of color in compound stimuli as found in the Saltz (1963) study.

scholarly journals Educational Disparities in COVID-19 Prevention in China: The Role of Contextual Danger, Perceived Risk, and Interventional Context

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 3383
Author(s):  
Miao Li ◽  
Weidong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Risk ◽  
College Education ◽  
Social Disparities ◽  
Contextual Cues ◽  
Educational Disparities ◽  
The Social ◽  
Random Digit Dial ◽  
Context Cues ◽  
Effective Public Health

Despite the social disparities in COVID-19 infection, little is known about factors influencing social disparities in preventive behaviors during the pandemic. This study examined how educational disparities in mask-wearing, handwashing, and limiting public outings might be contingent upon three factors: contextual cue of danger, perceived risk of local outbreak, and interventional context with different levels of intensity (i.e, Wuhan vs. other areas). Data were obtained from a telephone survey of 3327 adults, who were recruited through a random-digit-dial method to be representative of all cell phone users in China. Interviews were conducted from 28 April to 26 May 2020. Stratified multiple regression models showed that educational disparities in all three behaviors were only consistently observed among people exposed to context cues of danger, with an enhanced sense of risk of a local outbreak, or in areas other than Wuhan. College education seems to make a difference in handwashing regardless of contextual cues of danger or perception of risk. The findings suggested that, in the process of an epidemic, emerging threats in one’s immediate environment or raised awareness of risks are important conditions triggering educational disparities in prevention. However, effective public health interventions could potentially reduce such disparities.

Effect of Semantic Context on Free Recall of Serial Lists

1979 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 651-657
Author(s):  
James F. Sanford ◽  
Patti R. Hulvershorn
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Recall Performance ◽  
Semantic Context ◽  
The Other ◽  
Serial List ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Context Cues ◽  
Narrative Passage

The role of semantic context as a basis for organization was examined by presenting subjects with a serial list of 30 nouns in three different contexts: (a) embedded within a narrative passage having a single semantic theme; (b) embedded within a randomly ordered list of the words contained in the narrative passage; (c) presented with no additional context cues. Results showed that both over-all recall performance and input-output consistency were poorer in the random context than in the other two and that other organizational measures were not highly associated with recall performance. It was concluded that (a) subjects attend to context when organizing serial lists and (b) optimal recall was obtained when subjects' organization was related to order of input.

scholarly journals Role of prefrontal cortex projections to the nucleus accumbens core in mediating the effects of ceftriaxone on cued cocaine relapse

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison R. Bechard ◽  
Carly N. Logan ◽  
Javier Mesa ◽  
Yasmin Padovan Hernandez ◽  
Harrison Blount ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Nucleus Accumbens ◽  
Basolateral Amygdala ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Nucleus Accumbens Core ◽  
Cocaine Seeking ◽  
Context Cues ◽  
Glutamate Efflux

AbstractCeftriaxone is an antibiotic that reliably attenuates the reinstatement of cocaine-seeking after extinction while preventing the nucleus accumbens (NA) core glutamate efflux that drives reinstatement. However, when rats undergo abstinence without extinction, ceftriaxone attenuates context-primed relapse but NA core glutamate efflux still increases. Here we sought to determine if the same would occur when relapse is prompted by both context and discrete cues (context+cues) after cocaine abstinence. Male rats self-administered intravenous cocaine for 2 hr/day for 2 weeks. Cocaine delivery was accompanied by drug-associated cues (light+tone). Rats were then placed into abstinence with daily handling but no extinction training for two weeks. Ceftriaxone (200 mg/kg IP) or vehicle was administered during the last 6 days of abstinence. During a context+cue relapse test, microdialysis procedures were conducted. Rats were perfused at the end of the test for later Fos analysis. A separate cohort of rats was infused with the retrograde tracer cholera toxin B in the NA core and underwent the same self-administration and relapse procedures. Ceftriaxone increased baseline glutamate and attenuated both context+cue-primed relapse and NA core glutamate efflux during this test. Ceftriaxone reduced Fos expression in regions sending projections to the NA core (prefrontal cortex, basolateral amygdala, ventral tegmental area) and specifically reduced Fos in prelimbic cortex and not infralimbic cortex neurons projecting to the NA core. Thus, when relapse is primed by drug-associated cues and context, ceftriaxone is able to attenuate relapse by preventing NA core glutamate efflux, likely through reducing activity in prelimbic NA core-projecting neurons.

scholarly journals Predictive visual search: Role of environmental regularities in the learning of context cues

2018 ◽  
Vol 80 (5) ◽  
pp. 1096-1109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artyom Zinchenko ◽  
Markus Conci ◽  
Hermann J. Müller ◽  
Thomas Geyer
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Context Cues

scholarly journals Generalising reconsolidation: Spatial context and prediction error

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (11) ◽  
pp. 1745-1756
Author(s):  
Christopher Kiley ◽  
Colleen M Parks
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Prediction Error ◽  
Memory Trace ◽  
Spatial Context ◽  
New Information ◽  
Context Cues ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Labile State

Activating a previously consolidated memory trace brings it back into a labile state where it must then undergo a re-stabilisation process known as reconsolidation. During this process memories are susceptible to interference and may be updated with new information. In the studies showing this effect in human episodic memory, the reconsolidation process has been triggered primarily using spatial context or prediction error manipulations to reactivate an established memory. However, these studies have produced conflicting results, showing both that spatial context is necessary and sufficient to trigger reconsolidation and that prediction error is necessary and sufficient to trigger the process. We examined this conflict in two experiments, one investigating the role of context cues and another investigating the role of prediction error. In Experiment 1, spatial context triggered a reconsolidation process and prediction error was irrelevant. In Experiment 2, prediction error triggered reconsolidation, and spatial context cues were irrelevant. These findings replicate prior research but add to the puzzle concerning the roles of these two means of triggering reconsolidation.

The Reciprocal Effects of Brand Equity and Trivial Attributes

2003 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan M. Broniarczyk ◽  
Andrew D. Gershoff
Keyword(s):  
Brand Equity ◽  
Product Category ◽  
Reciprocal Effects ◽  
Reciprocal Effect ◽  
True Value ◽  
Consumer Valuation ◽  
Consumer Attributions ◽  
Brand Dilution ◽  
Context Cues

Brands increasingly introduce products with attributes that fail to provide consumers with meaningful benefits (i.e., trivial attributes). The authors present two experiments that examine the effect of brand equity on consumer valuation of such trivial attributes and the reciprocal effect that such a strategy may have on brand equity. The results show that both high and low equity brands benefit from offering an attractive trivial attribute in the absence of a disclosure of its true value. However, prechoice disclosure of an attribute's triviality heightens the role of the brand and context cues. Competing low equity brands benefit by sharing the trivial attribute with a higher equity brand, whereas competing high equity brands benefit from uniquely offering a trivial attribute. Postchoice revelation that an attribute is trivial hurts the subsequent ability of a low but not a high equity brand to differentiate in a new product category, particularly among subjects who had previously chosen the target brand. For insights on brand dilution, the authors also examine consumer attributions regarding marketer intent for offering a trivial attribute.

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