scholarly journals Corrections for extreme proportions and their biasing effects on estimated values ofd′

1995 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Hautus
Keyword(s):  
Biasing Effects

Debiasing the Outcome Effect: The Role of Instructions in an Audit Litigation Setting

2002 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter M. Clarkson ◽  
Craig Emby ◽  
Vanessa W.-S. Watt
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Cognitive Components ◽  
Audit Judgment ◽  
Outcome Information ◽  
Audit Litigation ◽  
Outcome Bias ◽  
Biasing Effects ◽  
Judgment Setting

The outcome effect occurs where an evaluator, who has knowledge of the outcome of a judge's decision, assesses the quality of the judgment of that decision maker. If the evaluator has knowledge of a negative outcome, then that knowledge negatively influences his or her assessment of the ex ante judgment. For instance, jurors in a lawsuit brought against an auditor for alleged negligence are informed of an undetected fraud, even though an unqualified opinion was issued. This paper reports the results of an experiment in an applied audit judgment setting that examined methods of mitigating the outcome effect by means of instructions. The results showed that simply instructing or warning the evaluator about the potential biasing effects of outcome information was only weakly effective. However, instructions that stressed either (1) the cognitive nonnormativeness of the outcome effect or (2) the seriousness and gravity of the evaluation ameliorated the effect significantly. From a theoretical perspective, the results suggest that there may both motivational and cognitive components to the outcome effect. In all, the findings suggest awareness of the outcome effect and use of relatively nonintrusive instructions to evaluators may effectively counteract the potential for the outcome bias.

The biasing effects of appearances go beyond physical attractiveness and mating motives

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Y. Olivola ◽  
Alexander Todorov
Keyword(s):  
Labor Markets ◽  
Physical Attractiveness ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Economic Games ◽  
Experimental Economic ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Social Attributions ◽  
Biasing Effects

AbstractThe influence of appearances goes well beyond physical attractiveness and includes the surprisingly powerful impact of “face-ism” – the tendency to stereotype individuals based on their facial features. A growing body of research has revealed that these face-based social attributions bias the outcomes of labor markets and experimental economic games in ways that are hard to explain via evolutionary mating motives.

Snacking Around the World

2017 ◽  
pp. 91-130
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Image Analysis ◽  
Image Coding ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
The World ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
Image Set ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Biasing Effects

Social media platforms enable access to large image sets for research, but there are few if any non-theoretical approaches to image analysis, categorization, and coding. Based on two image sets labeled by the #snack hashtag (on Instagram), a systematic and open inductive approach to identifying conceptual image categories was developed, and unique research questions designed. By systematically categorizing imagery in a bottom-up way, researchers may (1) describe and assess the image set contents and categorize them in multiple ways independent of a theoretical framework (and its potential biasing effects); (2) conceptualize what may be knowable from the image set by the defining of research questions that may be addressed in the empirical data; (3) categorize the available imagery broadly and in multiple ways as a precursor step to further exploration (e.g., research design, image coding, and development of a research codebook). This work informs the exploration and analysis of mobile-created contents for open learning.

Some Common Pitfalls in Causal Analysis of Categorical Data

1982 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 461-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay Magidson
Keyword(s):  
Categorical Data ◽  
Causal Analysis ◽  
Statistical Technique ◽  
Omitted Variables ◽  
Causal Interpretation ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Interaction Detection ◽  
Biasing Effects ◽  
Log Linear

Examples of some common pitfalls in the analysis of categorical data are discussed in the context of causal interpretation of the results. Though no statistical technique can replace theory, the author shows that log-linear modeling and chi square automatic interaction detection can provide researchers with powerful tools for gaining valuable causal insights into their data. Examples include the biasing effects of omitted variables, omitted interactions, improper contrast coding, and misspecification of the structure of an hypothesized interaction.

Can front-of-pack nutrition labels overcome any biasing effects of nutrient and health claims?

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 247
Author(s):  
Zenobia Talati ◽  
Simone Pettigrew ◽  
Richard Norman ◽  
Bridget Kelly ◽  
Helen Dixon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Claims ◽  
Nutrition Labels ◽  
Biasing Effects

scholarly journals The effect of shell secretion rate on Mg / Ca and Sr / Ca ratios in biogenic calcite as observed in a belemnite rostrum

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clemens Vinzenz Ullmann ◽  
Philip A. E. Pogge von Strandmann
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Rate Increase ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Secretion Rate ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Rate Effects ◽  
Minor Part ◽  
Biasing Effects ◽  
Temperature Proxy ◽  
A Minor

Abstract. Isotopic ratios and concentrations of the alkaline earth metals Mg and Sr in biogenic calcite are of great importance as proxies for environmental parameters. In particular, the Mg / Ca ratio as a temperature proxy has had considerable success. It is often hard to determine, however, which parameter ultimately controls the concentration of these elements in calcite. Here, multiple Mg / Ca and Sr / Ca transects through a belemnite rostrum of Passaloteuthis bisulcata (Blainville, 1827) are used to isolate the effect of calcite secretion rate on incorporation of Mg and Sr into the calcite. With increasing calcite secretion rate Mg / Ca ratios decrease and Sr / Ca ratios in the rostrum increase. In the studied specimen this effect is found to be linear for both element ratios over a calcite secretion rate increase of ca. 150 %. Mg / Ca ratios and Sr / Ca ratios show a linear co-variation with increasing relative growth rate, where a 100 % increase in growth rate leads to a (8.1 ± 0.9) % depletion in Mg and a (5.9 ± 0.7) % enrichment in Sr. The magnitude of the calcite secretion rate effect on Mg is (37 ± 4) % greater than that on Sr. These findings are qualitatively confirmed by a geochemical transect through a second rostrum of Passaloteuthis sp. Growth rate effects are well defined in rostra of Passaloteuthis, but only account for a minor part of chemical heterogeneity. Biasing effects on palaeoenvironmental studies can be minimized by informed sampling, whereby the apex and apical line of the rostrum are avoided.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document