scholarly journals The effect of polysemy on lexical decision time: Now you see it, now you don’t

1989 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle L. Millis ◽  
Scoti B. Bution
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Decision Time ◽  
Lexical Decision Time

scholarly journals How do we segment text? Two-stage chunking operation in reading

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinbiao Yang ◽  
Qing Cai ◽  
Xing Tian
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Simultaneous Detection ◽  
Decision Time ◽  
Behavioral Experiment ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Lexical Status ◽  
Lexical Decision Time ◽  
Written Information ◽  
Key Press ◽  
Read Word

AbstractChunking in language comprehension is a process that segments continuous linguistic input into smaller chunks that are in reader’s mental lexicon. Effective chunking during reading facilitates disambiguation and enhances efficiency for comprehension. However, the mechanisms of chunking remain elusive, especially in reading given that information arrives simultaneously yet the written systems may not have explicit cues for labeling boundaries such as Chinese. What are the mechanisms of chunking operation that mediates the reading of the text that normally contains hierarchical information? We investigated this question by manipulating the lexical status of the chunks at distinct levels of grain-size in four-character Chinese strings, including the two-character local chunk and four-character global chunk. Participants were asked to make lexical decision on these strings in a behavioral experiment, followed by a passive reading task when their electroencephalography (EEG) were recorded. The behavioral results showed that the lexical decision time of lexicalized two-character local chunks was influenced by the lexical status of four-character global chunk, but not vice versa, which indicated that the processing of global chunks possessed priority over the local chunks. The EEG results revealed that familiar lexical chunks were detected simultaneously at both levels and further processed in a different temporal order -- the onset of lexical access for the global chunks was earlier than that of local chunks. These consistent behavioral and EEG results suggest that chunking in reading occurs at multiple levels via a two-stage operation -- simultaneous detection and global-first recognition.Significance StatementThe learners of a new language often read word by word. But why can proficient readers read multiple words at a time? The current study investigates how we efficiently segment a complicate text into smaller pieces and how we process these pieces. Participants read Chinese strings with different structures while their key-press responses and brain EEG signals were recorded. We found that texts were quickly (about 100 ms from their occurrences) segmented to varied sizes of pieces, and larger pieces were then processed earlier than small pieces. Our results suggest that readers can use existing knowledge to efficiently segment and process written information.

Effects of Memory Load on Joke and Lexical Decision Tasks

1995 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 243-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
David S. Kreiner
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Memory Load ◽  
Decision Time ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lexical Decision Time ◽  
Lexical Decision Tasks ◽  
Decision Tasks

The effects of a five-digit memory load on joke and lexical decision tasks were measured. 72 college students read jokes ending with punchlines, consistent endings, or inconsistent endings and decided whether the endings produced jokes. Memory-loaded subjects were slower than nonloaded subjects, particularly on inconsistent endings which were surprising but not coherent with the body of the joke. Memory load had no effect on lexical decision time and did not interact with word frequency. The results supported the claim that working memory serves an integrating role in language comprehension.

scholarly journals Effect of Prime and Target Repetition on Lexical Decision Time

1992 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 403-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfonso Pitarque ◽  
Salvador Algarabel ◽  
Maria José Soler
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Repetition Effect ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Decision Time ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Lexical Decision Time ◽  
Target Repetition ◽  
Automatic Activation ◽  
Onset Asynchrony ◽  
Prime Target

On a prime-target lexical decision task we manipulated the relatedness between prime and target (semantically related or unrelated), the number of repetitions (from 1 to 5), the type of the repeated stimulus (only the prime, only the target, or both), and the stimulus onset asynchrony (within a range of automatic activation from 60 to 400 msec.) to find whether semantic and repetition priming are additive (or interact), and whether there is episodic priming in an automatic, nonconscious way. Analysis showed repetition and semantic priming were additive rather than interactive. No episodic automatic priming was found. Results are discussed in terms of the predictions made from the main theoretical positions about the repetition effect.

scholarly journals Effect of Prime Type on Lexical Decision Time

1987 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvador Algarabel ◽  
Alfonso Pitarque ◽  
Maria José Soler ◽  
Juan Carlos Ruiz ◽  
Juan Manuel Baixauli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Decision Time ◽  
Research Trends ◽  
Category Exemplar ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Prime Type ◽  
Lexical Decision Time ◽  
Category Exemplars ◽  
Prime Target

The present investigation concerns the issues of the control condition and type of related prime-target relationship operationalization in the lexical-decision paradigm. It is shown that the use of a row of asterisks produces strong inhibitory effects on reaction time to the target relative to a control condition formed with the word “neutro” (“neutral”). The operationalization of prime-target relatedness by means of association of category norms seems equally adequate, although category exemplars do not prime category exemplar targets. Both sets of data are discussed in relation to current research trends using lexical-decision time.

Valency, secondary frequency, and lexical access: A Japanese study

1998 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-97
Author(s):  
Jun Yamada ◽  
Yuriko Kayamoto
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Decision Time ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Japanese Study ◽  
Lexical Decision Time ◽  
Lexical Decisions ◽  
Effect Hypothesis ◽  
Significant Factors

AbstractThis study examines the effect of valency (defined as the associative value that represents the number of two-kanji words containing in first or second position the first-positional kanji of the word) on the recognition of two-kanji words in Japanese. Lexical decisions were 24 ms faster for words in the high-valency condition than in the low-valency condition, but were 26 ms slower for nonwords in the high-valency condition than in the low-valency condition. While these results suggested a significant interaction between valency and wordness, a regression analysis indicated that the frequency and valency of the first constituent kanji are significant factors for word recognition, and that the frequency of the first constituent kanji is a significant factor for nonword recognition. The secondary-frequency effect hypothesis is put forth to explain the effects of valency and other variables on lexical decision time.

Priming and the Effects of Sentence and Lexical Contexts on Naming Time: Evidence for Autonomous Lexical Processing

1981 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. I. Forster
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Decision Time ◽  
Semantic Integration ◽  
Access Time ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Naming Time ◽  
Inhibitory Effects

Models of language processing which stress the autonomy of processing at each level predict that the semantic properties of an incomplete sentence context should have no influence on lexical processing, either facilitatory or inhibitory. An experiment similar to those reported by Fischler and Bloom (1979) and Stanovich and West (1979, 1981) was conducted using naming time as an index of lexical access time. No facilitatory effects of context were observed for either highly predictable or semantically appropriate (but unpredictable) completions, whereas strong inhibitory effects were obtained for inappropriate completions. When lexical decision time was the dependent measure, the same results were obtained, except that predictable completions now produced strong facilitation. In a further experiment the inhibitory effects of context on lexical decision times for inappropriate targets were maintained, even though unfocussed contexts were used, in which no clear expectancy for a particular completion was involved. These results were interpreted in terms of a two-factor theory which attributes the facilitation observed with the lexical decision task to postaccess decision processes which are not involved in the naming task. The inhibitory effects were attributed to interference resulting from semantic integration. In contrast to the results for sentence contexts, lexical contexts of the doctor-nurse variety produced clear facilitation effects on naming time (but no inhibitory effects). It was also shown that relatively minor variations in the type of neutral context could completely alter the relative importance of facilitation and inhibition.

LEXICAL COMPETENCE UNDERLYING SECOND LANGUAGE WORD ASSOCIATION TASKS

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-31
Author(s):  
Masaki Eguchi ◽  
Shungo Suzuki ◽  
Yuichi Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Word Association ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Decision Time ◽  
Vocabulary Knowledge ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Lexical Richness ◽  
Lexical Competence

Abstract This study investigated the constructs underlying second language (L2) word association (WA) with regard to three dimensions of lexical competence—size, organization, and accessibility—and the lexical performance of speech. One-hundred and thirteen Japanese learners of English completed a computer-delivered oral WA task along with three vocabulary tasks: a formrecall gap-filling task (size), a primed lexical decision task (organization and accessibility), and an oral cartoon narrative (lexical richness). Regression analyses explored how well these lexical competence and performance scores predicted two WA outcome variables: response profiles and response times. Form-recall vocabulary knowledge, (collocational) priming, and lexical richness explained a large amount of variance in WA response type profiles (Nagelkerke’s pseudo R2 = .901). Form-recall vocabulary knowledge and lexical decision time explained 28.5% of the variance of WA response times. A three-stage model of L2 WA task performance is proposed to account for the constructs underlying WA performance.

The self-schema and addictive behaviors: Studies of alcoholic patients

2001 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyril Tarquinio ◽  
Gustave Nicolas Fischer ◽  
Aurélie Gauchet ◽  
Jacques Perarnaud
Keyword(s):  
Decision Time ◽  
The Self ◽  
Addictive Behaviors ◽  
Social Judgments ◽  
Self Perceptions ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Self Schema ◽  
Description Task ◽  
Positive Traits ◽  
First Interview

This study deals with the sociocognitive organization of the self-schema in alcoholic patients. It was aimed at understanding how the self-schema takes shape within the framework of social judgments known to be determinants of personality. Alcoholic subjects were interviewed twice, once during their first consultation for treatment and then again four months later after completion of treatment. Our approach was derived directly from the methodology used by Markus (1977) and Clemmey & Nicassio (1997) in their studies on the self-schema. The subjects had to perform three tasks that required manipulating personality traits with positive and negative connotations (a self-description task in which decision time was measured, an autobiographical task, and a recall task). The results of the first interview showed that 1. in their self-descriptions, alcoholics took more time than control subjects both to accept positive traits and to reject negative ones; 2. unlike control subjects, alcoholics considered more negative traits to be self-descriptive than positive traits, and 3. unlike controls, alcoholics recalled more negative traits than positive ones. By the second interview, the results for the alcoholic subjects on the autobiographical and recall tasks had changed: 1. they now described themselves more positively and less negatively than on the first meeting; 2. they recalled a marginally greater number of positive traits and a significantly smaller number of negative traits, and 3. the differences between the alcoholics and controls indicated an improvement in the alcoholics' self-perceptions.

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