scholarly journals Reversing the picture superiority effect: A speed—accuracy trade-off study of recognition memory

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Boldini ◽  
Riccardo Russo ◽  
Sahiba Punia ◽  
S. E. Avons
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Superiority Effect ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Picture Superiority Effect ◽  
Picture Superiority ◽  
Speed Accuracy

scholarly journals Picture Superiority Doubly Dissociates the ERP Correlates of Recollection and Familiarity

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 1247-1262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Curran ◽  
Jeanne Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Test Format ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Superiority Effect ◽  
Picture Superiority Effect ◽  
Study Test ◽  
Process Perspective ◽  
Picture Superiority

Two experiments investigated the processes underlying the picture superiority effect on recognition memory. Studied pictures were associated with higher accuracy than studied words, regardless of whether test stimuli were words (Experiment 1) or pictures (Experiment 2). Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) recorded during test suggested that the 300–500 msec FN400 old/new effect, hypothesized to be related to familiarity-based recognition, benefited from study/test congruity, such that it was larger when study and test format remained constant than when they differed. The 500–800 msec parietal old/new effect, hypothesized to be related to recollection, benefited from studying pictures, regardless of test format. The parallel between the accuracy and parietal ERP results suggests that picture superiority may arise from encoding the distinctive attributes of pictures in a manner that enhances their later recollection. Furthermore, when words were tested, opposite effects of studying words versus studying pictures were observed on the FN400 (word > picture) versus parietal (picture > word) old/new effects—providing strong evidence for a crossover interaction between these components that is consistent with a dual-process perspective.

Worth a Thousand Words: The Study of Visual Gendered Self-Presentation on Twitter

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Andrew J. A. Mattan ◽  
Tamara A. Small
Keyword(s):  
Television Advertising ◽  
Visual Environment ◽  
Online Environment ◽  
Strategic Choices ◽  
Superiority Effect ◽  
Self Presentation ◽  
Party Leaders ◽  
Picture Superiority Effect ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Picture Superiority

Abstract The picture superiority effect suggests that a single photograph can communicate a significant amount of political information to voters. Accordingly, politicians must make strategic choices in their self-presentation, particularly when considering how to respond to gender-based stereotypes. Strategic stereotype theory suggests that politicians will either emphasize or rescind gender-based stereotypes depending on whether they believe them to be advantageous to their political image. While the literature on gendered self-presentation is largely confined to television advertising, there is a growing literature focused on the online environment. In this research note, we develop a methodological framework to assess gender-based stereotypes in a purely visual environment. We test the framework using photographs from the Twitter feeds of the main party leaders in the 2018 Ontario election. The note concludes by reflecting on the methodological challenges of examining gender in visual political content online.

Encoding and Encoding–Retrieval Interactions

Remembering ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 61-96
Author(s):  
Fergus I. M. Craik
Keyword(s):  
Memory Systems ◽  
Generation Effect ◽  
The Self ◽  
Differential Sensitivity ◽  
Superiority Effect ◽  
Picture Superiority Effect ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
Test Requirements ◽  
Picture Superiority ◽  
Self Reference

Topics covered include the notion that there are no dedicated memory encoding processes as such; rather, encoding is equated with perception and comprehension. Studies by Craik, Moscovitch, and McDowd (1994), and by Challis, Velichkovsky, and Craik (1996) are described and their implications discussed. The differential sensitivity of retrieval tests (e.g., implicit/explicit) to different encoding operations is discussed in terms of test requirements for different types of information rather than as reflecting different memory systems. General principles of encoding are proposed; these include depth, elaboration, congruity, and distinctiveness. Memory-boosting procedures such as rehearsal, organization, retrieval as encoding, the generation effect, and subject-performed tasks are discussed and evaluated. Other topics described, illustrated, and discussed include the picture superiority effect, the self-reference effect, the effect of task difficulty on later memory, differential effects of divided attention at encoding and retrieval, and the concept of consolidation.

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