scholarly journals Likelihood judgment based on previously observed outcomes: the alternative-outcomes effect in a learning paradigm

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul D. Windschitl ◽  
Michael E. Young ◽  
Mary E. Jenson
Keyword(s):  
Learning Paradigm ◽  
Likelihood Judgment

The Effect of Outcome Probability on Generalization in Predictive Learning

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadar Ram ◽  
Dieter Struyf ◽  
Bram Vervliet ◽  
Gal Menahem ◽  
Nira Liberman
Keyword(s):  
High Probability ◽  
Lower Probability ◽  
Perceptual Similarity ◽  
Learning Paradigm ◽  
Predictive Learning ◽  
Lightning Bolt ◽  
Outcome Probability

Abstract. People apply what they learn from experience not only to the experienced stimuli, but also to novel stimuli. But what determines how widely people generalize what they have learned? Using a predictive learning paradigm, we examined the hypothesis that a low (vs. high) probability of an outcome following a predicting stimulus would widen generalization. In three experiments, participants learned which stimulus predicted an outcome (S+) and which stimulus did not (S−) and then indicated how much they expected the outcome after each of eight novel stimuli ranging in perceptual similarity to S+ and S−. The stimuli were rings of different sizes and the outcome was a picture of a lightning bolt. As hypothesized, a lower probability of the outcome widened generalization. That is, novel stimuli that were similar to S+ (but not to S−) produced expectations for the outcome that were as high as those associated with S+.

Anticipatory Consciousness: A Learning Paradigm Revisited for College Students

NASPA Journal ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Eileen Hulme
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Learning Paradigm

Levine and Cureton's recent study of the nature of today's college students has revealed the importance of teaching hope as a means of empowering the transitional generation now attending college (1998, p. 9). The purpose of this qualitative study is to reveal from the perspective of 32 college students the nature of hope and despair and its effect on the learning process.

scholarly journals Expert camouflage-breakers can accurately localize search targets

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fallon Branch ◽  
Allison JoAnna Lewis ◽  
Isabella Noel Santana ◽  
Jay Hegdé
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Visual Search ◽  
Target Localization ◽  
Specific Training ◽  
Learning Paradigm ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Special Case

AbstractCamouflage-breaking is a special case of visual search where an object of interest, or target, can be hard to distinguish from the background even when in plain view. We have previously shown that naive, non-professional subjects can be trained using a deep learning paradigm to accurately perform a camouflage-breaking task in which they report whether or not a given camouflage scene contains a target. But it remains unclear whether such expert subjects can actually detect the target in this task, or just vaguely sense that the two classes of images are somehow different, without being able to find the target per se. Here, we show that when subjects break camouflage, they can also localize the camouflaged target accurately, even though they had received no specific training in localizing the target. The localization was significantly accurate when the subjects viewed the scene as briefly as 50 ms, but more so when the subjects were able to freely view the scenes. The accuracy and precision of target localization by expert subjects in the camouflage-breaking task were statistically indistinguishable from the accuracy and precision of target localization by naive subjects during a conventional visual search where the target ‘pops out’, i.e., is readily visible to the untrained eye. Together, these results indicate that when expert camouflage-breakers detect a camouflaged target, they can also localize it accurately.

scholarly journals Drift Compensation on Massive Online Electronic-Nose Responses

Chemosensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
Jianhua Cao ◽  
Tao Liu ◽  
Jianjun Chen ◽  
Tao Yang ◽  
Xiuxiu Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Learning ◽  
Gas Sensor ◽  
Electronic Nose ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Learning Paradigm ◽  
Class Label ◽  
Learning Framework ◽  
Sensor Drift ◽  
Drift Compensation ◽  
Noisy Labels

Gas sensor drift is an important issue of electronic nose (E-nose) systems. This study follows this concern under the condition that requires an instant drift compensation with massive online E-nose responses. Recently, an active learning paradigm has been introduced to such condition. However, it does not consider the “noisy label” problem caused by the unreliability of its labeling process in real applications. Thus, we have proposed a class-label appraisal methodology and associated active learning framework to assess and correct the noisy labels. To evaluate the performance of the proposed methodologies, we used the datasets from two E-nose systems. The experimental results show that the proposed methodology helps the E-noses achieve higher accuracy with lower computation than the reference methods do. Finally, we can conclude that the proposed class-label appraisal mechanism is an effective means of enhancing the robustness of active learning-based E-nose drift compensation.

scholarly journals Judgement of valence of musical sounds by hand and by heart, a machine learning paradigm for reading the heart

Heliyon ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. e07565
Author(s):  
Ennio Idrobo-Ávila ◽  
Humberto Loaiza-Correa ◽  
Flavio Muñoz-Bolaños ◽  
Leon van Noorden ◽  
Rubiel Vargas-Cañas
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Learning Paradigm ◽  
Musical Sounds

Human Sexual Development is Subject to Critical-Period Learning: Paradigm-Shifting Implications for Sexual Therapy and for Child-Rearing

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 295-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Griffee ◽  
Stephen L. O’Keefe ◽  
Keith W. Beard ◽  
Debra H. Young ◽  
Martin J. Kommor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Development ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Child Rearing ◽  
Learning Paradigm ◽  
Sexual Therapy ◽  
Paradigm Shifting
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