Comparative Analysis of Empathy Traits Differences in Males and Females

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-78
Author(s):  
T. Michelle Encalada ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Antisocial Behavior ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Youth Survey ◽  
Several Variables ◽  
Measurement Tools ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Impact ◽  
National Youth Survey

Researchers agree that one of the most important aspects of psychopathy is lack of empathy. Literature relating to psychopathy and its central components focuses on boys and men, while overlooking girls and women. This issue is partially due to the measurement tools and beliefs about sex-based expression. Previous studies focus primarily on empathy as it relates to antisocial behavior and abuse but is deficient in gender differences and antecedents. This study seeks to fill these voids by examining factors that may distinctly affect male and female empathy levels. The current study used data from the 6th wave of the National Youth Survey to examine empathy levels of 1,452 youths ranging in age from 17 – 24 years. Findings reveal that several variables have a significant impact on empathy levels. Furthermore, analysis shows that the severity of the impact differs depending upon respondent gender. This sheds light on the contrast between male and female empathy levels and invites further investigation into the factors which play a role in the developm

Gender Differences in Clothing Worn in Current Popular Comic Books

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Landon Jossy
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Comic Books ◽  
Book Industry ◽  
Comic Book ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Female Characters ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Males And Females

This study looked at how males and females were portrayed, based on the amount of skin shown in the clothing worn.  A Content analysis was performed on a sample of 20 randomly selected popular comics from the last 3 years.  Both male and female characters were rated on how much skin they showed in three clothing categories; neck line, sleeve length, and lower body.  Results showed that in all 3 categories, women consistently wore more revealing clothing.  The findings demonstraetd that the comic book industry is comparable to other forms of media, in the sexualization of female characters, by having them wear more revealing clothing.

Profile of a short-acting κ-antagonist, LY2795050, on self-grooming behaviors, forced swim test and locomotor activity: sex comparison in mice

2021 ◽  
pp. 026988112199688
Author(s):  
Eduardo R Butelman ◽  
Caroline Baynard ◽  
Bryan D McElroy ◽  
Thomas E Prisinzano ◽  
Mary Jeanne Kreek
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Short Acting ◽  
Swim Test ◽  
Central Nervous System Dysfunction ◽  
Forced Swim ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Κ Receptor

Background: Novel short-acting κ(kappa)-opioid receptor selective antagonists are translational tools to examine the impact of the κ-receptor/dynorphin system in assays related to central nervous system dysfunction (e.g., substance use disorders, anhedonia and depression). The effects of such compounds have been compared in males and females under very limited conditions. Aims: The goal of this study was to examine potential sex differences in the effects of a κ-agonist and a short-acting κ-antagonist in an ethologically relevant test of anhedonia, the “splash test” of self-grooming, and also in the forced swim test and in locomotor activity. Methods: We examined the dose-dependence of grooming deficits caused by the κ-agonist U50,488 (0.1–3.2 mg/kg intraperitoneal (i.p.)) in gonadally intact adult male and female C57BL/6J mice. We then compared the effects of the short-acting κ-antagonist LY2795050 ((3-chloro-4-(4-(((2S)-2-pyridin-3-ylpyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl) phenoxy)benzamide)); 0.032–0.1 mg/kg i.p.) in blocking grooming deficits caused by U50,488 (3.2 mg/kg). The effects of LY2795050 were also studied in the forced swim test (FST). The effects of LY2795050 in blocking the locomotor depressant effects of U50,488 (10 mg/kg) were also studied. Results: U50,488 produced dose-dependent grooming deficits in male and female mice, and LY2795050 prevented these effects. In contrast, LY2795050 decreased immobility in the FST in males at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg, but not in females, up to a dose of 0.32 mg/kg. Also, LY2795050 (0.32 mg/kg) prevented and also reversed the locomotor-depressant effects of U50,488 (10 mg/kg), in males and females. Conclusions: This study further implicates the κ-receptor system in ethologically relevant aspects of anhedonia, and confirms sexual dimorphism in some behavioral effects of novel κ-antagonists.

Sex Differences in Interpreting Male-Female Dyad Interactions: Males' Predominance in Perceiving Sexual Intent

2002 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aldert Vrij ◽  
Emma Kirby
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Rape Myths ◽  
Rape Myth ◽  
Sexual Intent ◽  
Female Dyad ◽  
Acceptance Scale ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Impact

Astudy is reported investigating gender differences in judging the behaviour of males and females during mixed-dyad conversations and the impact of the endorsement of rape myths in explaining these gender differences. A total of 51 males and 40 females watched a videotape of a male actor and female actor verbally interacting in a social environment and were asked to give their impression about this interaction. They were also requested to fill in the Rape Myths Acceptance Scale (1980). Results revealed that compared to females, males had a stronger tendency to see the interaction in sexual terms. Also, male participants endorsed rape myths more strongly. Finally, gender differences in rape myth endorsements accounted for gender differences in perceiving male-female mixed-dyad interactions to alimited extent. Implications of the findings are discussed.

scholarly journals Suicide Notes: Exaggerations by Males and Females

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Purbo Kusumastuti ◽  
Aulia Apriana ◽  
Yazid Basthomi
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Suicide Notes ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Female Subjects

Touching into the gender differences between males and females in expressing the use of exaggeration expressions, this study analyzes the relevant data using the LIWC tool, the HIP method, and the deficit and difference theories. This study found that in relation to the gender stereotypes, both males and females speak differently, yet also demonstrate similarities. Both the male and female subjects express emotions equally in the language production; yet, the negative emotions are dominated by the males, and the positive emotions are dominated by the females. The difference of emotion productions influences the differences in the males’ production of exaggeration expressions, such as empty adjectives, italic expressions, and hyperbole by the female subjects.  

Gender Differences in Ethics Perceptions in Information Technology

2008 ◽  
pp. 3433-3441
Author(s):  
Leone E. Woodcock ◽  
San Murugesan
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Information Technology ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Codes Of Ethics ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Ethical Perceptions ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Security Breaches ◽  
Males And Females

Greater emphasis is now placed on ethics in information technology (IT) which covers a broad range of issues such as privacy, honesty, trustworthiness, software reliability, data storage, the environment, security breaches, hacking, viruses, and acknowledging the intellectual property of others. Further, legal aspects tend to overlap ethics perceptions. For example, issues such as copying computer programs, music CDs, images, or videos are more than just ethical problems; they also pose legal problems. The ethical dimensions also extend to issues such as computer crime and fraud, information theft, and unauthorized information dissemination. These ethical issues are becoming more complex as continuing advances in IT present many new ethical situations and fresh dilemmas. Developments such as the Internet, electronic commerce, and wireless/mobile communications present a new set of ethical issues and challenge current of codes of ethics, copyright laws, and their authors. In addition, computer users’ ethical standards may also vary from one situation to another (Wikipedia, 2005). What is ethical is subjective, and more so in the areas of IT. Perceptions of ethics in IT vary to a degree from individual to individual. Further, there seems to be significant differences in the perception of ethics among males and females. According to Adam (2000), male and female judgment is most often influenced by their personal values and whether an action is considered legal. Woodcock (2002) conducted a study on ethical perceptions among 405 male and female students from universities, technical colleges, and schools in North-Eastern Australia and found significant differences in some ethical situations between males and females. This article presents common issues and dilemmas that confront IT professionals, students, and the general community. In particular, it presents gender differences in perceptions of ethics and legalities in IT and highlights the different ethical perceptions of male and female students. These insights are particularly significant as the ethical beliefs and perceptions that students have may influence their ethical behaviors during their working careers.

scholarly journals Analysis of Gender Differences in the Impact of Taxation and Taxation Structure on Cigarette Consumption in 17 ITC Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 1275
Author(s):  
Anh Ngo ◽  
Geoffrey T. Fong ◽  
Lorraine V. Craig ◽  
Ce Shang
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Control Policy ◽  
Cigarette Consumption ◽  
Tobacco Control Policy ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Tax Structures ◽  
Ad Valorem

Although increasing taxes has been established as the most effective tobacco control policy, it is not clear whether these policies reduce cigarette consumption equally among women and men. In this study, we examine whether the association between taxation/taxation structure and cigarette consumption differs by gender. The data is from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation (ITC) Projects in 17 countries. Cigarette consumption was measured by gender for each ITC country. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were employed to investigate gender differences in the association between cigarette consumption and tax structures, while controlling for time-variant demographic characteristics such as unemployment rates, proportions of adults, and percent of female population. Tiered tax structures are associated with higher cigarette consumption among both males and females. Female smokers are more responsive to an average tax increase than male smokers. Among males, higher ad valorem share in excise taxes is associated with lower cigarette consumption, but it is not the case for females. Females may not be as responsive to the prices raised by ad valorem taxes, despite being responsive to average taxes, suggesting that smokers by gender may face different prices.

Examining Gender Differences in the Relationship Between Dating Violence Victimization and Anger in College Students

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren A. Rutter ◽  
Robin P. Weatherill ◽  
Casey T. Taft ◽  
Robert J. Orazem
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Dating Violence ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Violence Victimization ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Psychological Victimization

It has been well established that dating violence victimization is associated with various mental health problems. Relatively, little is known about similarities and differences between mental health correlates of dating violence victimization for males and females. We examined the associations between physical and psychological victimization experiences and measures of anger in a sample of 200 male and female undergraduates. Results suggest that men’s victimization was more strongly associated with different forms of anger than women’s victimization.

Gender and Organizational Citizenship Behavior

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tammy D. Allen ◽  
Seulki "Rachel" Jang
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Organizational Citizenship ◽  
Organizational Citizenship Behavior ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Citizenship Behavior ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Gender Egalitarianism ◽  
Female Employees ◽  
Males And Females

The current chapter reviews theory and findings with regard to relationships between gender and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Based on self-report OCB studies, female employees tend to report that they perform more communal OCB (e.g., altruism) than do male employees, whereas male employees tend to report that they perform more agentic OCB (e.g., sportsmanship) than do female employees. However, supervisors do not appear to rate male and female employees differently on OCB performance. Our review also suggests that even with the same amount of OCB performance, female employees tend to be disadvantaged with regard to career-related outcomes (e.g., promotion) relative to male employees. For future research, we encourage researchers to distinguish between actual and perceived OCB performance and examine associated gender differences. Measurement invariance of OCB across gender, different career success outcomes between males and females, and the effects of gender egalitarianism in cultures also need further investigation.

Beyond Disaster: A Comparative Analysis of Tsunami Interventions in Sri Lanka and Indonesia/Aceh

2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 6-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Bauman ◽  
Mengistu Ayalew ◽  
Gazala Paul
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
The Other ◽  
International Support ◽  
Natural Catastrophe ◽  
Several Variables ◽  
Humanitarian Interventions ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Military Victory ◽  
The Impact

This article investigates the impact of the tsunami and the tsunami interventions on the protracted conflicts in Sri Lanka and Indonesia/Aceh. Several variables helped to advance peace in one country and drove the escalation of violence in the other. Natural catastrophe alone did not lead to the mitigation of conflict: where neither side perceived an option for military victory, the tsunami itself, coupled with international support and pressure, offered a way out. However, lessons repeatedly learned during humanitarian interventions were not applied. The tsunami interventions were marked by major shortcomings, among them the failure to reach thousands of people displaced by conflict, a lack of effective coordination, conflict insensitivity, low levels of beneficiary participation, and the undermining of local capacities.

Impact of age and sex on response to ischemic preconditioning in the rat heart: differential role of the PI3K–AKT pathway

2013 ◽  
Vol 91 (8) ◽  
pp. 640-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronika Ledvenyiova ◽  
Dezider Pancza ◽  
Jana Matejiková ◽  
Miroslav Ferko ◽  
Iveta Bernatova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Preconditioning ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Akt Pathway ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Old Females

Sex and aging represent important factors that determine morbidity and mortality due to cardiovascular diseases in the human population. This study aimed to investigate the impact of aging on the response to ischemia–reperfusion in male and female rat hearts, and to explore a potential role of the PI3K–Akt pathway in the cardioprotective effects of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) in the myocardium of younger and older adult males and females. Langendorff-perfused nonpreconditioned and preconditioned hearts of 12- and 18-week-old male and female Wistar rats were subjected to regional ischemia and reperfusion with or without prior perfusion with the PI3K inhibitor wortmannin for the evaluation of ischemia-induced arrhythmias and the size of myocardial infarction (infarct size; IS). Aging did not modify IS in both sexes; however, it markedly increased susceptibility to arrhythmias. Although IPC effectively reduced IS in males and females of both ages, only the hearts of males and 18-week-old females benefited from its antiarrhythmic effect. In the preconditioned 12-week-old females, but not the 18-week-old females, and in males of both ages, wortmannin blunted the anti-infarct effect of IPC. In conclusion, activation of the PI3K–Akt pathway plays an important role in protection against lethal injury conferred by IPC in males irrespective of age. The IS-limiting effect of IPC appears to be PI3K–Akt-dependent only in the 12-week-old females.

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