scholarly journals Economic Reform, Social Welfare, and Instability: Jordan, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 1983–2004

2014 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamed El-Said ◽  
Jane Harrigan
Keyword(s):  
Social Welfare ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Economic Reform ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Economic Liberalization ◽  
Welfare Provision ◽  
Mena Countries ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World

This article fills an important gap in the literature by exploring the trends in social welfare in four MENA countries that have undertaken extensive economic liberalization programs under the auspices of the IMF and the World Bank — namely, Jordan, Egypt, Tunisia, and Morocco. Studying the experiences of these countries provides an opportunity to enhance the understanding of the link between economic reforms, the level of social welfare provision, and political stability.

scholarly journals Intézményi elemek értékei a nemzeti vagyonban

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 49-55
Author(s):  
László Török
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Institutional System ◽  
Human And Social Capital

Until the recent past economists identified the assets of a nation as the sum of material assets, humán and social capital. However they found, that the differences of the calculated national assets are not proportional to the welfare of the citizens of the compared countries, therefore they looked for further explanatory variables. The specialists of the World Bank according to the results of their research identified an invisible resource, which is the institutional system of the country. Present study examines ten Hungárián institutional components from the aspect of their value and examines how they are contributing to national assets, hereby how they serve the interest of social welfare.

Repercussions of the economic reform policies on the urban poor in Egypt

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali El-Din Abd El-Badee Al-Qosbi
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Economic Reform ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
International Market ◽  
Urban Society ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
The International Monetary Fund ◽  
Consistent Problem

As a result of empirical data gathered through sociological surveys, the author argues persuasively that Egyptian economic reform policies – largely based on structural readjustment and rehabilitation programmes devised by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank – have adversely affected the most seriously impoverished sectors of Egyptian urban society. The paper examines the correlation between theoretical suppositions of predicted adverse effect on this sector and actual repercussions as evidenced in such indicators as healthcare, sanitation, employment and access to education. While poverty has been a consistent problem and while these policies – which were undertaken in the context of increasing integration into the international market – cannot be blamed for its original occurrence, there is persuasive evidence that they have caused measurable harm, compounded existing inequities and increased the marginalization of Egypt's urban poor who appear to have been among the most adversely affected in the population as a result of the various initiatives.

scholarly journals Transition and modernization

Sociologija ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-174
Author(s):  
Branimir Kristofic
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Economic Reform ◽  
General Model ◽  
Development Model ◽  
New Wave ◽  
Transitional Country ◽  
Transitional Countries ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Communist Countries

The fall of the communist orders introduced a problem of the development of these societies and initiated a new wave of modernization theories. At the same time, the ideological proclamation of the victory of neo-liberalism resulted in the inauguration of the neo-liberal development model as the mode of modernization that will include the post-communist countries in the process of globalization. In this context, the World Bank study of the ten-year development of the transitional countries has been analyzed. With the example of Slovenia, as the economically most successful transitional country, it is shown that the study encounters the problem of constructing a general model of the development, which could be applied to all transitional countries. Additionally, it is shown that the World Bank model, as well as classic modernization theories, cannot predict how certain country will react to economic reform. Therefore, an issue of reform support arises as a significant one. Controversy of the neo-liberal modernization model indicates a need for articulating alternative modes of development.

SMALL LANDOWNERS AND LAND DISTRIBUTION IN IRAN, 1962–71

2000 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Gholi Majd
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Land Distribution ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Number Of Individuals

During the Cold War years following World War II, the U.S. government and international agencies such as the World Bank and FAO strongly advocated and pushed for land reform (distribution) in countries under U.S. influence. Examples of American-sponsored land reforms included the land-distribution programs in Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, South Vietnam, Iran, the Philippines, and El Salvador. Land reform in practice consisted of giving the ownership of land to the cultivating tenants and sharecroppers. By giving land to the tenants, it was believed that a communist revolution or takeover could be avoided. The modern theoretical basis for land reform can be found in the writings of such Marxist scholars as Alain de Janvry, the non-Marxist writers Albert Berry and William Cline, and the World Bank economists Hans Binswanger and Miranda Elgins.1 Marxist writers had stressed the political aspects of “anti-feudal” reforms. Such reforms were said to promote political stability as well as strengthen capitalism. How the abrogation of private-property rights was supposed to “strengthen” capitalism was not really explained. Non-Marxist writers concentrated on increased efficiency and increased output that was expected from land redistribution. Berry and Cline showed that in labor-surplus underdeveloped dual economies with a bi-modal farm structure (where large commercial and small subsistence farms existed side by side), a land reform that redistributed land from large farms to small farms increased agricultural production and rural welfare, and brought about economic growth and development. In addition, land reform was seen to result in greater social equity (taking land from wealthy landowners and giving it to poor farmers). It was an article of faith among the proponents of land reform that “the hated class of absentee landlords” did not fulfill any useful socio-economic function, at least none that could not be performed equally well by some government agency. They also believed that sharecropping and tenancy did not fulfill any useful social and economic functions. It was implicitly assumed in the theoretical writings that the rights of a small number of individuals were to be sacrificed for the benefit of the many. In none of the theoretical literature was the possibility of expropriating a large number of individuals advocated or even considered.

Introduction: A New Perspective on Reform

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingyi Qian
Keyword(s):  
Market Economy ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Economic Reform ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Human History ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
The U.S

Starting in 1979, China embarked on a profound economic reform that led to a transformation of the country from a centrally planned economy to a market economy. Over the next 37 years, China produced one of the most spectacular growth records in human history. According to the World Bank, in 2015 the nominal GDP of China was nearly $11 trillion, surpassing 60 percent of U.S. nominal GDP. In comparison, China’s nominal GDP in 1978 was only $148 billion, merely 6 percent of that of the U.S. If measured by Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), in 2015 China’s GDP was $19 trillion, larger than the $18 trillion GDP of the U.S., the world’s largest economy in the last 100 years....

scholarly journals SUPPORT OF DEMOCRATIC POLITICAL SYSTEM BY SOCIETY AS A FACTOR OF GOVERNMENT EFFICIENCY

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 55-63
Author(s):  
Oleg Tkach ◽  
◽  
Anatoly Tkach ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Risk Indicators ◽  
World Bank Group ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Government Efficiency

The problem of the level of support for governments and leaders as a factor of inefficient governance is analyzed. The consequences affect the character of the regime and reduce the level of support for democratic systems. Efficiency of governments, support of economic growth, provision of quality medical care, fight against crime affect the attitude of the population to democracy. The level of satisfaction with democracy is determined by fluctuations in economic indicators, the level of crime. Support for democracy remains relatively immune to changes in government efficiency. When developing performance indicators, it is recommended to use the "rule of four C": clarity (clearness); completeness; complexity and consistency. Indicators must be specific, real and, most importantly, quantifiable. The Government Performance Index is an index developed by the World Bank Group that measures the quality of public services, civil service, policy formulation, policy implementation, and confidence in the government's commitment to improving or maintaining these qualities at a high level. The World Bank publishes an index of government effectiveness among the other five global indicators of governance: accountability, political stability, quality of regulation, rule of law and control of corruption. These indices are considered measurements of management. The Public Administration Efficiency Index uses forty-seven variables (quality of bureaucracy, infrastructure for distribution of goods and services) from thirty-two sources, Global Insight business conditions and risk indicators. These variables are then combined using a component model. As an indicator, the index of public administration efficiency does not allow to identify specific problems of the country, to analyze specific solutions, but it is a tool for comparing countries, to measure the trend of improvement in a particular mode. Government efficiency is correlated with life satisfaction, GDP per capita, and education expenditures, which promotes democratic development.

scholarly journals Remittances, Governance and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from MENA Region

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wadad Saad ◽  
Hassan Ayoub
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Mena Region ◽  
Mena Countries ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World

In this study we examine the effects of remittances and governance on economic growth in ten MENA countries. We choose these countries because they have relatively stable political situations. Using annual data from the World Bank over the period 2002-2017, we estimate panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) models due to the existence of mixed levels of integration among series involved in this study. Control variables such as gross capital formation, consumption per capita and openness among others are integrated in these models. A governance composite is computed using the 6 governance indicators from the world bank. These indicators are used individually in different ARDL models with their interactions with the remittances to explore their impact on economic growth. The findings indicate a negative impact of the remittance on economic growth in the quasi-totality of the models. However, while governance composite shows a positive impact on economic growth, taking into consideration the dimensions of governance leads to conflicting results.

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