Dendrogeochemistry and soil geochemistry applied to exploration for alkalic Cu-Au porphyry mineralization under cover at the Racecourse prospect, NSW, Australia

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 1167-1186
Author(s):  
Cole McGill ◽  
Daniel Layton-Matthews ◽  
T. Kurt Kyser ◽  
Matthew I. Leybourne ◽  
Paul Polito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Size Fraction ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Isotopic Signature ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Geochemistry ◽  
Tree Roots ◽  
Monterey Pine ◽  
Geophysical Surveys ◽  
Transverse Zone

ABSTRACT The Racecourse Cu-Au porphyry prospect is found within the Macquarie Arc of the Lachlan Fold Belt, in the Lachlan Transverse Zone, a cross-arc structure hosting significant world-class mineralization, including the Cadia and Northparks districts. Several geochemical and geophysical surveys of the prospect have been complimented by a total of 19,819 m of drilling, with only four holes reaching a depth greater than 300 m. Positive lithogeochemistry (fertility indices, comparisons with the Cadia and Northparks systems) subtle alteration, and mineralized intercepts indicate heightened mineral potential, yet the prospect has lacked a comprehensive geochemical survey outlining the extent of the mineralized target at surface. Soil samples and Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) tree cores were collected above and distal to mineralization intercepted by prior drilling in order to outline the ore deposit footprint and test the viability of dendrogeochemistry as an exploration tool for porphyry Cu mineralization. Ultimately, this study documented the spatial extent of the Racecourse target and identified potential areas for additional Cu mineralization. Soil samples were separated with the <250 μm size fraction analyzed and show distinct anomalous populations of Au, Cu, Mo, Pb, and Zn above prior drilling. Tree cores were collected by increment borer and tree rings of the Pinus radiata were counted and measured, with an age interval of 2003–2008 exhibiting the least ring-width variability chosen to chemically analyze. Selected intervals were digested and analyzed and have elevated Cu, Mo, and Zn in an area that overlaps a previously drilled soil anomaly, whereas an anomaly in the southwest of the survey area documents a Cu, Pb anomaly corresponding to localized faulting and tertiary basalt subcrop. Tree roots are directly tapping chemical variability at depth, aided via metal mobilization through faulted fluid conduits. Lead isotope ratios from the Pinus radiata identify distinct groups of lead spatially associated with discrete metal anomalies of varied lithological ages. At the Racecourse target, anomalous Pinus radiata samples yield a similar isotopic signature to the faulted southwestern anomaly, potentially linking the source of these two metal anomalies. When these results are integrated with the current understanding of the mineralized body, geochemical media suggest that mineralization may continue down-plunge at depth.

scholarly journals Monterey pine forest made a remarkable recovery from pitch canker

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 169-173
Author(s):  
Gordon Thomas R. ◽  
Reynolds Gregory J. ◽  
Kirkpatrick Sharon C. ◽  
Storer Andrew J. ◽  
Wood David L. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Rapid Progression ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Pitch Canker ◽  
Santa Cruz ◽  
Monterey Pine ◽  
Native Populations ◽  
Remarkable Recovery ◽  
Monterey Peninsula ◽  
Observation Period

Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) is a species of limited distribution, with three native populations in California. In 1986, a disease known as pitch canker, caused by the fungus Fusarium circinatum, was identified as the cause of extensive mortality in planted Monterey pines in Santa Cruz County. Monitoring studies on the Monterey Peninsula documented rapid progression of the disease in the native forest during the 1990s, with most trees sustaining some level of infection. However, between 1999 and 2013, the severity of pitch canker stabilized, with many previously diseased trees then free of symptoms, and plots monitored between 2011 and 2015 documented a steady decline in the occurrence of new infections. Consequently, whereas pitch canker was once a conspicuous visual blight in the forest, by the end of the observation period, symptomatic trees had become a rarity. The arrested development of pitch canker is suggestive of a reduction in the frequency and duration of fog near the coast, which provides conditions necessary for the pathogen to establish infections.

scholarly journals Bomb Radiocarbon in Tree Rings from Northern New South Wales, Australia: Implications for Dendrochronology, Atmospheric Transport, and Air-Sea Exchange of CO2

Radiocarbon ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quan Hua ◽  
Mike Barbetti ◽  
Ugo Zoppi ◽  
David M Chapman ◽  
Bruce Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Atmospheric Transport ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Study Region ◽  
False Rings ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Bomb Radiocarbon ◽  
Standard Techniques

We have analyzed by radiocarbon 27 consecutive single rings, starting from AD 1952, of a preliminarily cross-dated section (DFR 021) of Pinus radiata, which grew in Armidale, northern New South Wales, Australia. The bomb 14C results suggested the possibility of 2 false rings, and, consequently, 2 misidentified rings in the preliminary count for this section. This possibility was supported by a better ring-width correlation between the revised DFR 021 count and other Pinus radiata chronologies in the study region. This indicated that bomb 14C is a useful tool to complement the standard techniques of dendrochronology in tree species where annual rings are not always clearly defined.

scholarly journals Infection of Select Pinaceae and Cupressaceae Seedlings to Phytophthora pinifolia

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-111
Author(s):  
Timothy L. Widmer ◽  
Stephen C. Dodge
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
The United States ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Monterey Pine

Phytophthora pinifolia caused a devastating disease on Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) in Chile. This pathogen has not been reported in the United States, but there is concern should it arrive. There is little information regarding other hosts besides Monterey pine that may be susceptible to this pathogen. In the present study, other potential hosts within the Pinaceae and Cupressaceae were inoculated with zoospores of P. pinifolia and observed for symptoms and infection after 4 weeks. Similar to Monterey pine, knobcone (Pinus attenuata), bishop (P. muricata), and ponderosa (P. ponderosa) pines were highly infectious, whereas several important species such as loblolly pine (P. taeda) and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) showed no infection. P. pinifolia was also not recovered from slash (Pinus elliottii) and eastern white (P. strobus) pines. This study is important because it demonstrates other economically important tree hosts are at risk by P. pinifolia, should it enter the United States.

THE STRUCTURE OF AN ARABOGALACTAN FROM MONTEREY PINE (PINUS RADIATA)

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 1538-1545 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Brasch ◽  
J. K. N. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Monterey Pine ◽  
End Groups

The two major components of the water-soluble polysaccharides from Monterey pine (Pinusradiata) are an arabogalactan and a glucomannan. The arabogalactan contained L-arabinose and D-galactose in the ratio 1 to 8. The polysaccharide is highly branched in structure and contains end groups of L-arabofuranose and of D-galactopyranose. Removal of the L-arabinose residues leaves a highly ramified galactan.

The dynamics of an introduced pathogen in a native Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) forest

2003 ◽  
Vol 179 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 209-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Wikler ◽  
A.J. Storer ◽  
W. Newman ◽  
T.R. Gordon ◽  
D.L. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Monterey Pine

Contributions of carbonates to soil CO2 emissions

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 599-607 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Ramnarine ◽  
C. Wagner-Riddle ◽  
K. E. Dunfield ◽  
R. P. Voroney
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Isotopic Signature ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Carbonates

Ramnarine, R., Wagner-Riddle, C., Dunfield, K. E. and Voroney, R. P. 2012. Contributions of carbonates to soil CO 2 emissions. Can. J. Soil Sci. 92: 599–607. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is released in soil as a by-product of microbial and root respiration, but soil carbonates may also be a source of CO2 emissions in calcareous soils. Global estimates of inorganic carbon range from 700 to 900 Pg as carbonates stored in soils, representing a significant potential source of CO2 to the atmosphere. While previous studies have focused on the total CO2 efflux from the soil, our goal was to identify the various sources and their contribution to total CO2 emissions, by measuring the isotopic signature of the CO2 emitted from the soil. Calcareous Luvisolic silt loam soil samples were obtained from conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) plots in southern Ontario, Canada. Soil samples (root- and residue-free) were laboratory-incubated for 14 d and the isotopic signature of the CO2 (δ13CCO2) released was analyzed using isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Isotopic measurement was essential in quantifying the abiotic CO2 production from carbonates, due to the unique δ13C signature of carbonates and soil organic matter. A two-end member mixing model was used to estimate the proportion of CO2 evolved from soil carbonates and soil organic matter decomposition. Analysis of emitted CO2 collected after the 14-d incubation indicate that the proportion of CO2 originating from soil inorganic carbon was 62 to 74% for CT soil samples, and 64 to 80% for NT soil samples. Further work is recommended in the quantification of CO2 emissions from calcareous soils, and to determine the transferability of laboratory results to field studies.

scholarly journals Natural occurrence of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana as a vertically transmitted endophyte of Pinus radiata and its effect on above- and below-ground insect pests

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Caroline Lefort ◽  
Aimee C McKinnon ◽  
Tracey L Nelson ◽  
Travis R Glare
Keyword(s):  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Monterey Pine ◽  
Molecular Approaches ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Mode Of Transmission

Background. The New Zealand forest industry would greatly benefit from a successful way of controlling insect pests. The entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana could hold such potential and has previously been shown to be capable of endophytic colonisation of the Monterey pine Pinus radiata. Nevertheless clarifications on its mode of transmission, persistence and action in this plant are required. In this study we investigated B. bassiana transmission and persitence in P. radiata and whether this fungus is beneficial to P. radiata by testing its effect as a plant endophyte on the fitness performance of above and belowground insect feeders. Methods. Both culturing and molecular approaches were used to detect the occurrence B. bassiana in pines. Transmission electron microscopy of positive germinating seeds was also used to locate the fungus. Bioassays were conducted on root and needle feeding insects using Beauveria positive and endophyte free pine seedlings. Results. Beauveria bassiana was detected in seedlings which had not previously been exposed to the fungus, indicating a vertical mode of transmission. The fungus could colonise all parts of the pines, but did not always persist. We found that the presence of the fungus negatively affects the fitness of the below-ground insect feeding on the plant by reducing their survival by over 10% and their weight by 5%. This study also showed that the mode of action of endophytic B. bassiana in pine is likely to be by feeding deterrence of insects induced locally by fungal metabolites, rather than by direct fungal infection of the insects. Discussion. A vertically transmitted beneficial endophyte of pine could be used as a cost effective approach to control insect pest in these commercially grown trees.

scholarly journals Ornamental Tree Growth with Basin-applied Herbicides

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 316-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clyde L. Elmore ◽  
Lawrence R. Costello ◽  
W. Douglas Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Positive Response ◽  
Monterey Pine ◽  
Ornamental Tree ◽  
Control Chemical ◽  
Camphor Tree

Cider gum (Eucalyptus gunnii Hook. F.), Monterey pine (Pinus radiata D. Don), and camphor tree [Cinnamonium camphora (L.) J. Presl] were evaluated in a field study comparing the effects of herbicides on tree growth. Trees were planted on 13 May 1983 and treated on 20 May 1983, 10 Apr. 1984, and 4 Oct. 1984 with simazine, oryzalin, napropamide, and oxyfluorfen. Glyphosate was applied as a postemergence treatment in all basins on 20 Mar. 1984. None of the herbicides injured the trees. Trunk circumferencesin treated plots increased as much as 553% over untreated plots. All species showed a positive response to increasing weed control. Chemical names used: 6-chloro-N,N'-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine (simazine); 3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-dipropylsulfanilamide (oryzalin); N,N-diethyl-2-(1-naphthalenyloxy)-propanamide (napropamide); 2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (oxyfluorfen); N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine (glyphosate).

scholarly journals Chloroplast DNA diversity among trees, populations and species in the California closed-cone pines (Pinus radiata, Pinus muricata and Pinus attenuata).

Genetics ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 135 (4) ◽  
pp. 1187-1196
Author(s):  
Y P Hong ◽  
V D Hipkins ◽  
S H Strauss
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Chloroplast Dna ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Nucleotide Diversity ◽  
Restriction Enzymes ◽  
Dna Polymorphisms ◽  
Pinus Muricata ◽  
Monterey Pine ◽  
Haplotypic Diversity ◽  
Closed Cone

Abstract The amount, distribution and mutational nature of chloroplast DNA polymorphisms were studied via analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms in three closely related species of conifers, the California closed-cone pines-knobcone pine: Pinus attenuata Lemm.; bishop pine: Pinus muricata D. Don; and Monterey pine: Pinus radiata D. Don. Genomic DNA from 384 trees representing 19 populations were digested with 9-20 restriction enzymes and probed with cloned cpDNA fragments from Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] that comprise 82% chloroplast genome. Up to 313 restriction sites were surveyed, and 25 of these were observed to be polymorphic among or within species. Differences among species accounted for the majority of genetic (haplotypic) diversity observed [Gst = 84(+/- 13)%]; nucleotide diversity among species was estimated to be 0.3(+/- 0.1)%. Knobcone pine and Monterey pine displayed almost no genetic variation within or among populations. Bishop pine also showed little variability within populations, but did display strong population differences [Gst = 87(+/- 8)%] that were a result of three distinct geographic groups. Mean nucleotide diversity within populations was 0.003(+/- 0.002)%; intrapopulation polymorphisms were found in only five populations. This pattern of genetic variation contrasts strongly with findings from study of nuclear genes (allozymes) in the group, where most genetic diversity resides within populations rather than among populations or species. Regions of the genome subject to frequent length mutations were identified; estimates of subdivision based on length variant frequencies in one region differed strikingly from those based on site mutations or allozymes. Two trees were identified with a major chloroplast DNA inversion that closely resembled one documented between Pinus and Pseudotsuga.

scholarly journals Monitoring Monterey pine aphids in Hawkes Bay forests

2003 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
D.A.J. Teulon ◽  
T.J.B. Herman ◽  
M.M. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Monterey Pine ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Visual Evidence

The Monterey pine aphid (Essigella californica) was recently found in New Zealand To examine the seasonal biology and impact of this insect on Pinus radiata aphids were sampled using beating and branch bagging methods over two seasons (October to April) from three forest elevations and from three tree ageclasses in Hawkes Bay forests Many more aphids were found in 200102 than in 200001 with numbers peaking in January in 2001 and April in 2002 Few aphids were found from October to December More aphids were recorded on trees in the medium and old age classes than in the young age class There was no consistent pattern in aphid numbers in relation to elevation of forests There was little visual evidence of aphid damage to trees but this does not mean that this aphid does not cause economic damage Factors influencing the population dynamics of this aphid and sampling methods are discussed

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