scholarly journals Risk and predictors of suicide in colorectal cancer patients: a Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 513 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.H. Samawi ◽  
A.A. Shaheen ◽  
P.A. Tang ◽  
D.Y.C. Heng ◽  
W.Y. Cheung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Rectal Cancer ◽  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Primary Tumour ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Nonparametric Tests ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cancer Group ◽  
Colon And Rectal Cancer ◽  
End Results

Background The risk of suicide is higher for patients with colorectal cancer (crc) than for the general population. Given known differences in morbidity and sites of recurrence, we sought to compare the predictors of suicide for patients with colon cancer and with rectal cancer.Methods Using the U.S. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database, adult patients with confirmed adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum during 1973–2009 were identified. Parametric and nonparametric tests were used to assess selected variables, and Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to determine predictors of suicide.Results The database identified 187,996 patients with rectal cancer and 443,368 with colon cancer. Compared with the rectal cancer group, the colon cancer group was older (median age: 70 years vs. 67 years; p < 0.001) and included more women (51% vs. 43%, p < 0.001). Suicide rates were similar in the colon and rectal cancer groups [611 (0.14%) vs. 337 (0.18%), p < 0.001]. On univariate analysis, rectal cancer was a predictor of suicide [hazard ratio (hr): 1.26; 95% confidence interval (ci): 1.10 to 1.43]. However, after adjusting for clinical and pathology factors, rectal cancer was not a predictor of suicide (hr: 1.05; 95% ci: 0.83 to 1.33). In the colon cancer cohort, independent predictors of suicide included older age, male sex, white race, and lack of primary resection. The aforementioned predictors, plus metastatic disease, similarly predicted suicide in the rectal cancer cohort.Conclusions The suicide risk in crc patients is low (<0.2%), and no difference was found based on location of the primary tumour. Sex, age, race, distant spread of disease, and intact primary tumour were the main predictors of suicide among crc patients. Further studies and interventions are needed to target these high-risk groups.

Risk and predictors of suicide in colorectal cancer patients: A SEER analysis.

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 9596-9596
Author(s):  
Haider Samawi ◽  
Abdel Aziz Shaheen ◽  
Patricia Tang ◽  
Daniel Yick Chin Heng ◽  
Winson Y. Cheung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Rectal Cancer ◽  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Primary Tumor ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Male Gender ◽  
White Race ◽  
Colon And Rectal Cancer ◽  
Increased Risk

9596 Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) patients have a higher risk of suicide as compared with the general population. Due to differences in the sites/morbidity of recurrences as well as ostomy rates, we sought to evaluate the distribution and predictors of suicide among patients with colon and rectal cancer. Methods: A retrospective analysis was undertaken using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database from 1973-2009. Patients included were >18yrs and had confirmed adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum. Results: Included in this analysis were 187,996 rectal cancer and 443,368 colon cancer patients. Colon cancer patients were older (median age 71 vs. 67 yrs, p <0.001) and included more females (51 vs. 43%, p <0.001) as compared to rectal cancer patients. Suicide rates were similar (611 [0.14%] vs. 337 [0.18%], p <0.001), as was the median time to suicide for colon vs. rectal cancer patients respectively (37 vs.32 months, p = 0.13). On univariate analysis, having rectal cancer was a predictor of suicide (HR 1.26; 95% CI: 1.10-1.43). However after adjustment for age, sex, race, marital, primary site surgery, stage and one primary, rectal cancer was not a predictor of suicide (HR 1.05; CI: 0.83- 1.33). In the combined CRC cohort, independent predictors of suicide included age >70 (HR 1.55; CI: 1.23-1.94), male gender (HR 7.56; CI: 5.34-10.70), being single (HR 1.56; CI: 1.14- 2.13), distant metastases at diagnosis (HR 1.58; CI: 1.13- 2.21), and white race (HR 3.21; CI: 1.75- 5.88). Also, lack of resection of primary tumor was associated with increased risk of suicide (HR 2.83; CI: 1.97- 4.05). Among colon cancer cohort, older age, male gender, and white race as well as lack of primary resection were independent predictors of suicide. Similarly, the aforementioned predictors as well as metastatic disease on presentation were the independent predictors of suicide in the rectal cohort. Conclusions: The suicide risk in CRC patients is low (< 0.2%) and no difference was found based on location of primary tumor. Gender, age, distant spread of disease, intact primary tumour and race are the main predictors of suicide among colorectal patients. Future studies and interventions are needed to target these high risk groups.

scholarly journals Serum Lipids and the Risk of Gastrointestinal Malignancies in the Swedish AMORIS Study

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wahyu Wulaningsih ◽  
Hans Garmo ◽  
Lars Holmberg ◽  
Niklas Hammar ◽  
Ingmar Jungner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rectal Cancer ◽  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Gastrointestinal Malignancies ◽  
Colon Cancer Risk ◽  
Colon And Rectal Cancer ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Lipid Components

Background. Metabolic syndrome has been linked to an increased cancer risk, but the role of dyslipidaemia in gastrointestinal malignancies is unclear. We aimed to assess the risk of oesophageal, stomach, colon, and rectal cancers using serum levels of lipid components.Methods. From the Swedish Apolipoprotein Mortality Risk (AMORIS) study, we selected 540,309 participants (> 20 years old) with baseline measurements of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and glucose of whom 84,774 had baseline LDL cholesterol (LDL), HDL cholesterol (HDL), apolipoprotein B (apoB), and apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression was used to assess glucose and lipid components in relation to oesophageal, stomach, colon, and rectal cancer risk.Results. An increased risk of oesophageal cancer was observed in persons with high TG (e.g. HR: 2.29 (95% CI: 1.42–3.68) for the 4th quartile compared to the 1st) and low LDL, LDL/HDL ratio, TC/HDL ratio, log (TG/HDL), and apoB/apoA-I ratio. High glucose and TG were linked with an increased colon cancer risk, while high TC levels were associated with an increased rectal cancer risk.Conclusion. The persistent link between TC and rectal cancer risk as well as between TG and oesophageal and colon cancer risk in normoglycaemic individuals may imply their substantiality in gastrointestinal carcinogenesis.

scholarly journals Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of colorectal cancer in Japan: The Miyagi Cohort Study

2005 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuki Sato ◽  
Yoshitaka Tsubono ◽  
Naoki Nakaya ◽  
Keiko Ogawa ◽  
Kayoko Kurashima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Rectal Cancer ◽  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Vegetable Intake ◽  
Vegetable Consumption ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Fruit And Vegetable Consumption ◽  
Fruit And Vegetable Intake ◽  
Fruit And Vegetable

AbstractObjectiveAdequate fruit and vegetable intake has been suggested to protect against colorectal cancer. However, several recent prospective studies have reported no association. We therefore examined the association between fruit and vegetable intakes and the risk of colorectal cancer in a prospective cohort study in Japan.DesignBetween June and August 1990, 47 605 Japanese men and women completed a self-administered questionnaire, including a food-frequency questionnaire. We divided the subjects into quartiles based on their self-reported fruit and vegetable consumption. There were 165 colon cancer and 110 rectal cancer incidences identified during 7 years of follow-up, to the end of December 1997. We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate the relative risk (RR) of developing colorectal cancer according to the level of fruit and vegetable consumption, applying adjustments for potential confounders.ResultsNo statistically significant association was observed between fruit and vegetable consumption and the risk of colorectal cancer. The multivariate RR of colon cancer in the highest quartile of fruit and vegetable intake compared with the lowest was 1.13 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.73–1.75), the RR for vegetables alone was 1.24 (95% CI 0.79–1.95) and that for fruit alone was 1.45 (95% CI 0.85–2.47). The corresponding multivariate RRs for rectal cancer were 1.12 (95% CI 0.67–1.89), 1.14 (95% CI 0.67–1.93) and 1.41 (95% CI 0.73–2.73).ConclusionsWe found no association between the consumption of fruit and vegetables and the risk of colorectal cancer among the Japanese population.

scholarly journals Changes in the quality of care of colorectal cancer in Estonia: a population-based high-resolution study

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. e035556
Author(s):  
Heigo Reima ◽  
Jaan Soplepmann ◽  
Anneli Elme ◽  
Mari Lõhmus ◽  
Rena Tiigi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Rectal Cancer ◽  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Clinical Data ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Treatment Patterns ◽  
Stage Iii ◽  
Liver Imaging ◽  
Colon And Rectal Cancer ◽  
Incident Cases

ObjectivesLarge disparities in colorectal cancer (CRC) management and survival have been observed across Europe. Despite recent increases, the survival deficit of Estonian patients with CRC persists, particularly for rectal cancer. The aim of this study was to examine diagnostic, staging and treatment patterns of CRC in Estonia, comparing clinical data from 1997 and 2011.DesignNationwide population-based retrospective study.SettingEstonia.ParticipantsAll incident cases of colon and rectal cancer diagnosed in 1997 and 2011 identified from the Estonian Cancer Registry. Clinical data gathered from medical records.Outcome measuresDifferences in diagnostic, staging and treatment patterns; 5-year relative survival ratios.ResultsThe number of colon cancer cases was 337 in 1997 and 498 in 2011; for rectal cancer, the respective numbers were 209 and 349. From 1997 to 2011, large increases were seen in the use of colonoscopy and lung and liver imaging. Radical resection rate increased from 48% to 59%, but emergency surgeries showed a rise from 18% to 26% in colon and from 7% to 14% in rectal cancer. The proportion of radically operated patients with ≥12 lymph nodes examined pathologically increased from 2% to 58% in colon cancer and from 2% to 50% in rectal cancer. The use of neoadjuvant radiotherapy increased from 6% to 39% among stage II and from 20% to 50% among patients with stage III rectal cancer. The use of adjuvant chemotherapy in stage III colon cancer increased from 42% to 63%. The 5-year RSR increased from 50% to 58% in colon cancer and from 37% to 64% in patients with rectal cancer.ConclusionsMajor improvements were seen in the diagnostics, staging and treatment of CRC in Estonia contributing to better outcomes. Increase in emergency surgeries highlights possible shortcomings in timely diagnosis and treatment.

The relationship between tumor expression of phosphorylated STAT3 and pathology and outcome in colorectal cancer.

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e14054-e14054
Author(s):  
Graeme JK Guthrie ◽  
Jonathan J Platt ◽  
Zahra MA Mohammed ◽  
Campbell SD Roxburgh ◽  
Paul G Horgan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Rectal Cancer ◽  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Tumour Microenvironment ◽  
Tissue Expression ◽  
Phosphorylation Sites ◽  
Clinicopathological Factors ◽  
Cancer Group ◽  
Clinicopathological Variables ◽  
Phosphorylated Stat3

e14054 Background: Cancer-associated inflammation has recently been identified as a key determinant of disease progression and survival in colorectal cancer(CRC). The signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(STAT3) pathway is central to the inflammatory response, and has been implicated in cancer development and progression. This study aimed to evaluate tissue expression of cytoplasmic and nuclear STAT3 expression in CRC and its association with clinicopathological variables and survival. Methods: Patients were identified from a prospectively maintained CRC database. Using immunohistochemistry on a tissue microarray, cytoplasmic and nuclear expression of phosphorylated STAT3 (p-STAT3) at both the tyrosine 705(tyr705) and serine 727(ser727) phosphorylation sites was assessed using the weighted histoscore. Associations between p-STAT3 expression and clinicopathological factors and survival were examined. Results: In 273 patients, cytoplasmic and nuclear p-STAT3 expression was examined and considered positive if staining was observed in more than 15% of tumour cells. When colonic and rectal tumours were considered together, cytoplasmic and nuclear p-STAT3 expression at both phosphorylation sites (tyr705 and ser727) showed no significant relationship with clinicopathological variables. Similarly, when colonic tumours were considered alone, cytoplasmic and nuclear p-STAT3 expression showed no association with clinicopathological factors. In rectal cancer, although cytoplasmic p-STAT3 was not significantly associated with survival, nuclear p-STAT3 expression was associated with improved survival(tyr705 p=0.007, ser727 p=0.098). Similar to the colon cancer group, rectal cancer nuclear p-STAT3 expression showed no correlation with clinicopathological variables. Conclusions: Tumour nuclear p-STAT3 expression and its association with outcome appears to depend on tumour site with improved survival associated with nuclear p-STAT3(tyr705) expression in rectal but not colon cancer. The basis of this observation is not clear and further assessment of the role of p-STAT3 in the tumour microenvironment is required.

Colorectal cancer under the age of 50 years in U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs: Is there a role of early screening?

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 4072-4072
Author(s):  
Abdul Moiz Khan ◽  
Zainub Ajmal ◽  
Usman Naseer ◽  
Darren Gemoets ◽  
Syed Arzoo Mehdi
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Rectal Cancer ◽  
Colon Cancer ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Stage Iii ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Early Screening ◽  
Screening Guidelines ◽  
Colon And Rectal Cancer

4072 Background: While the overall incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) is decreasing, the rate has increased in population under 50, with higher stages at diagnosis and a greater proportion of African Americans (AA). Hence, there is an ongoing debate about the age of CRC screening. These trends have not been studied in the VA population. Methods: ICD-10 codes C18-C20 were used to identify the cases of colon and rectal cancer in National VA Cancer Cube Registry. 43,544 cases of colon cancer, 1,278 below and 42,254 above age 50, and 19,815 cases of rectal cancer, 862 below and 18,948 above age 50 were identified between 2003-17. Younger age group was defined as patients less than 50 years old. IRB approval was obtained. Results: Our data comprised > 97% of male patients. In younger group, in the 5 year periods, 2003-07, 2008-12 and 2013-17, colon cancer rate increased from 2.59% to 2.79% to 3.59%, while for rectal cancer it increased from 3.5% to 4.3% to 5.3% (p < .0001). Blacks comprise 31.6% cases of colon cancer and 27.15% cases of rectal cancer in under 50 group, compared to 18.5% and 15.9% of cases in above 50 group respectively (p < .0001). For under 50 group, 48.6% cases of colon and 42.2% cases of rectal cancer were diagnosed in stage III or IV compared to 35.7% and 34.05% cases in above 50 group respectively (p < .0001). For colon cancer, 51.87% of patients in the younger group have a < 5 year survival, worse compared to 45.05% in 50-60 group (p < .0001) and similar to 49.3% in 60-70 group (p = .08). For rectal cancer, 5 year survival showed no difference between these groups. Stage specific survival shows no difference for either colon or rectal cancer across < 50, 50-60 and 60-70 age groups. Conclusions: Rate of CRC is rising in < 50 age group with more advanced stage at diagnosis and higher proportion of African Americans. For colon cancer, < 50 group has a worse 5 year survival as compared to 50-60 age group likely due to increased proportion of patients in stage III or IV, as there is no difference in stage specific survival. For rectal cancer, the 5 year survival or stage specific survival shows no difference in < 50, 50-60 and 60-70 groups. These results add to our understanding of the trends of CRC and should be accounted for in the screening guidelines.

scholarly journals The efficacy of anti-EGFR therapy in treating metastatic colorectal cancer differs between the middle/low rectum and the left-sided colon

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kun-Han Lee ◽  
Wei-Shone Chen ◽  
Jeng-Kai Jiang ◽  
Shung-Haur Yang ◽  
Huann-Sheng Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Rectal Cancer ◽  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Metastatic Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Primary Tumour ◽  
Growth Factor Receptor ◽  
Progression Free Survival ◽  
The Cancer Genome Atlas ◽  
First Line ◽  
Cancer Data

Abstract Background Clinically, metastatic rectal cancer has been considered a subset of left-sided colon cancer. However, heterogeneity has been proposed to exist between high and middle/low rectal cancers. We aimed to examine the efficacy of anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) treatment for middle/low rectal and left-sided colon cancers. Methods This study enrolled 609 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer who were treated with anti-EGFR therapy. They were divided into groups based on primary tumour locations: the right-sided colon, the left-sided colon or the middle/low rectum. The efficacy of first-line and non-first-line anti-EGFR treatment was analysed. Genomic differences in colorectal cancer data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were investigated and visualised with OncoPrint and a clustered heatmap. Results On first-line anti-EGFR treatment, patients with middle/low rectal tumours had significantly lower progression-free survival, overall survival, and overall response rates (6.8 months, 27.8 months and 43%, respectively) than those with left-sided colon cancer (10.1 months, 38.3 months and 66%, respectively). Similar outcomes were also identified on non-first-line anti-EGFR treatment. In TCGA analysis, rectal tumours displayed genetic heterogeneity and shared features with both left- and right-sided colon cancer. Conclusions Anti-EGFR treatment has lower efficacy in metastatic middle/low rectal cancer than in left-sided colon cancer.

Colorectal cancer survival following adjuvant chemotherapy with weekly i.v. fluorouracil 425 mg/m2 and folinic acid 50mg

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e15089-e15089
Author(s):  
M. B. Jameson ◽  
M. Head ◽  
S. Deva
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Rectal Cancer ◽  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Adjuvant Chemotherapy ◽  
Folinic Acid ◽  
Cancer Survival ◽  
Indirect Comparison ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Actuarial Survival ◽  
Colon And Rectal Cancer

e15089 Background: Adjuvant chemotherapy for colorectal cancer (CRC) using fluorouracil (5FU) and folinic acid (FA) has been proven effective and the QUASAR trial showed that a weekly administration schedule was as effective as, and less toxic than, the same daily doses delivered over 5 days every 4 weeks (the “Mayo regimen”). However the 5FU dose used (370 mg/m2) was lower than in some trials and a higher 5FU dose was considered desirable if tolerated. We therefore implemented a weekly regimen using 5FU 425 mg/m2 and DL-folinic acid 50mg in 2001 and retrospectively evaluated its efficacy and tolerability. Methods: Patients with non-metastatic CRC at assessment by medical oncologists in this institution between 2001 and 2004 were included in the analysis. Data was gathered on patient characteristics, duration of adjuvant chemotherapy and survival. Actuarial survival was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: 417 patients (pts) were seen: 181 females, 236 males; median age 67 yrs (24–89); 291 with colon cancer, 126 with rectal cancer; 1 stage 1; 100 stage 2, 316 stage 3. Median follow-up was 6.2 years. 210 pts with colon cancer received adjuvant weekly 5FU/FA (32 stage 2, 178 stage 3) as did 58 pts with rectal cancer (50 of whom also received concurrent chemoradiation). 75% of pts with colon cancer received all 30 planned doses and 59% of rectal cancer pts received all 20 planned doses. 3 year survival for all pts treated with this regimen was 83.0% and for the subgroups with colon and rectal cancer it was 82.4% and 84.5% respectively. For stage 2 and 3 colon cancer pts treated with this regimen 3 year survival was 87.9% and 76.0% respectively; for stage III rectal cancer pts it was 84.1%. Conclusions: These outcomes compare favorably on indirect comparison with results from the QUASAR trial (which reported 3 year survival of 70.6%) and suggest that using a higher 5FU dose in this regimen is tolerable and may be advantageous. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Colorectal Cancer Screening Clinical Practice Guidelines

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 384 ◽  
Author(s):  
_ _
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
United States ◽  
Rectal Cancer ◽  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Occult Blood ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fecal Occult Blood ◽  
Fecal Occult ◽  
Colon And Rectal Cancer ◽  
Colorectal Cancer Prevention

Colorectal cancer is the third most frequently diagnosed cancer in men and women in the United States. An estimated 104,950 new cases of colon cancer and 40,340 new cases of rectal cancer will occur in the United States in 2005. During the same year, an estimated 56,290 people will die from colon and rectal cancer. Because patients with localized colon cancer have a 90% 5-year survival rate, screening is a critical and particularly effective procedure for colorectal cancer prevention. Screening options include colonoscopy; combined fecal occult blood test (FOBT) and sigmoidoscopy; sigmoidoscopy alone; or double-contrast barium enema. For the most recent version of the guidelines, please visit NCCN.org

scholarly journals AGING AND THERAPEUTIC DELAY IN COLORECTAL CANCER: A FRENCH POPULATION-BASED STUDY

2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
C. Montuclard ◽  
V. Jooste ◽  
V. Quipourt ◽  
S. Marilier ◽  
J. Faivre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Rectal Cancer ◽  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Based ◽  
80 And Over ◽  
Aged 80 And Over ◽  
Private Care ◽  
Colon And Rectal Cancer

Background/Objectives: Data on the time between colorectal cancer diagnosis and treatment in real-life practice for elderly patients are scarce. We measured times from diagnosis to first-course therapy in elderly patients with colon and rectal cancers. Design: The study was carried out on the population-based Burgundy Digestive Cancer Registry (France). Setting: Therapeutic delays were described by medians and interquartile ranges and compared by the Kruskal-Wallis rank test. Factors associated with changes in therapeutic delay were identified using a multivariate Cox model. Participants: The analysis was carried out on 2,884 patients aged 60 years and over with colorectal adenocarcinoma diagnosed between 2005 and 2011. Measurements and Results: The median therapeutic delay for colon cancer was 25 days in patients aged 60 to 69 years and 24 days for those aged 70-79 years. The delay fell significantly to 19 days in patients aged 80 and over (p<0.001). The median therapeutic delay for rectal cancer did not vary according to age group (respectively 39, 38 and 33 days). For colon cancer, a Charlson comorbidity score=0, in all age groups, and private care for patients under 80 years, significantly shortened the therapeutic delay. It was significantly longer during the period [2008-2011] only in patients under 80 (HR: 0.89 [0.81 - 0.99] p=0.037). For rectal cancer, only advanced stage (HR advanced vs II: 1.39 [1.04-1.86], p=0.025) shortened the therapeutic delay in patients under 80, while private care shortened therapeutic delay only in patients over 80 (HR private vs public: 1.66 [1.00-2.74], p=0.049). Conclusion: This study highlights that differences in therapeutic delay for the elderly increased over time for colon and rectal cancer. The therapeutic delay did not differ much between the 60-69 and the 70-79 years age groups, whereas it was shorter for patients aged 80 and over.

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