Production of Polyclonal Antibodies against Pregnancy Associated Glycoprotein in Cattle

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Family ◽  
False Positive ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Hormone Level ◽  
Polyclonal Antibodies ◽  
Large Gene Family ◽  
Precise Method ◽  
Large Gene ◽  
High Level ◽  
Positive Results

Pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) are considered to be a large gene family in the trophoblasts of ruminants. PAGs determination precisely, PAG-1 in serum has been as the solid ground for pregnancy diagnosis in cow. Unluckily the PAG-1 and the antigenically related PAGs show a long half-life in serum less than 8 days and can be assessed 80 to 100 das postpartum, thereafter giving false results in cows bred within 60 days of calving. This study involves using novel polyclonal antibodies after immunizing rabbits and purification of the produced antibodies. The cattle are pregnant when the PAG hormone level is measured in a high level in a serum sample from the animal. It could give a precise method of detecting pregnancy at the early with few false positive results.

scholarly journals A large gene family in fission yeast encodes spore killers that subvert Mendel’s law

eLife ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Hu ◽  
Zhao-Di Jiang ◽  
Fang Suo ◽  
Jin-Xin Zheng ◽  
Wan-Zhong He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Family ◽  
Fission Yeast ◽  
Reference Genome ◽  
Natural Isolate ◽  
Large Gene Family ◽  
Mendelian Segregation ◽  
Killing Effect ◽  
Selfish Genetic Elements ◽  
Large Gene ◽  
Rapid Divergence

Spore killers in fungi are selfish genetic elements that distort Mendelian segregation in their favor. It remains unclear how many species harbor them and how diverse their mechanisms are. Here, we discover two spore killers from a natural isolate of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Both killers belong to the previously uncharacterized wtf gene family with 25 members in the reference genome. These two killers act in strain-background-independent and genome-location-independent manners to perturb the maturation of spores not inheriting them. Spores carrying one killer are protected from its killing effect but not that of the other killer. The killing and protecting activities can be uncoupled by mutation. The numbers and sequences of wtf genes vary considerably between S. pombe isolates, indicating rapid divergence. We propose that wtf genes contribute to the extensive intraspecific reproductive isolation in S. pombe, and represent ideal models for understanding how segregation-distorting elements act and evolve.

scholarly journals Biosensor Analysis of β-Lactams in Milk Using the Carboxypeptidase Activity of a Bacterial Penicillin Binding Protein

2006 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 832-837 ◽  
Author(s):  
Åse SternesjÖ ◽  
Eva Gustavsson
Keyword(s):  
False Positive ◽  
Polyclonal Antibodies ◽  
Active Form ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Receptor Protein ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Penicillin Binding Protein ◽  
Spr Biosensor ◽  
Positive Results

Abstract The applicability of a -lactam receptor protein for detection of β-lactam antibiotics in milk using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor technology was investigated. The advantage of using a receptor protein instead of antibodies for detection of β-lactams is that a generic assay, specific for the active form of the β-lactam structure, is obtained. Two assays based on the enzymatic activity of the dd-carboxypeptidase from Actinomadura R39 were developed, using a Biacore SPR biosensor. The carboxypeptidase converts a tri-peptide into a di-peptide, a reaction which is inhibited in the presence of β-lactams. Polyclonal antibodies against the 2 peptides were developed and used to measure the amount of enzymatic product formed (di-peptide assay) or the amount of remaining enzymatic substrate (tri-peptide assay), respectively. The 2 assays showed similar performances with respect to detection limits (1.2 and 1.5 μg/kg, respectively) and precision (coefficient of variation <5%) for penicillin G in milk. Several other β-lactams were detected at or near their respective maximum residue limit. Furthermore, the 2 peptide assays were evaluated against 5 commercial kit tests in the screening of 195 producer milk samples. The biosensor assays showed 0% false-negative and 27% false-positive results, whereas the figures were 0% false-negative and 2753% false-positive results for other screening tests investigated.

The NLR (NBD-LRR containing) Family of Intracellular Sensors in Inflammation and Immune Response.

Blood ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 114 (22) ◽  
pp. SCI-22-SCI-22
Author(s):  
Jenny P-Y. Ting
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Type I ◽  
Nucleotide Binding Domain ◽  
Large Gene Family ◽  
Large Gene ◽  
Leucine Rich Repeats ◽  
Production Cell

Abstract Abstract SCI-22 The NLR gene family encodes proteins that are comprised of conserved nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) and leucine rich-repeats (LRR). These genes are conserved from plants, lower animals to mammals. Family members include CIITA, NOD1, NOD2, and NLRP3. Several of these genes are genetically linked to immunodeficiency, inflammatory and immune diseases. This large gene family controls a number of innate responses, including inflammasome function leading to IL-1b/IL-18 production, cell death and type I IFN production. This talk will discuss the broad function of this family of genes, with emphasis on their regulation of inflammation and innate immunity, and their divergent roles in pathogen responses. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

■ REVIEW : Olfactory Receptors: A Large Gene Family with Broad Affinities and Multiple Functions

1996 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 262-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon M. Shepherd ◽  
Michael S. Singer ◽  
Charles A. Greer
Keyword(s):  
Gene Family ◽  
Olfactory Receptors ◽  
Large Gene Family ◽  
Multiple Functions ◽  
Large Gene

The HAK1 Gene of Barley Is a Member of a Large Gene Family and Encodes a High-Affinity Potassium Transporter

1997 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 2281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo E. Santa-Maria ◽  
Francisco Rubio ◽  
Jorge Dubcovsky ◽  
Alonso Rodriguez-Navarro
Keyword(s):  
Gene Family ◽  
Large Gene Family ◽  
Potassium Transporter ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
Large Gene

The Egg apparatus 1 gene from maize is a member of a large gene family found in both monocots and dicots

Planta ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 223 (3) ◽  
pp. 618-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madoka Gray-Mitsumune ◽  
Daniel Philippe Matton
Keyword(s):  
Gene Family ◽  
Large Gene Family ◽  
Egg Apparatus ◽  
Large Gene

scholarly journals OrthoRBH: A streamlined pipeline for mining large gene family sequences in related species

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 267-269
Author(s):  
Mark Ziemann ◽  
◽  
Atul Kamboj ◽  
Mrinal Bhave
Keyword(s):  
Gene Family ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Large Gene Family ◽  
Large Gene

scholarly journals Author response: A large gene family in fission yeast encodes spore killers that subvert Mendel’s law

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Hu ◽  
Zhao-Di Jiang ◽  
Fang Suo ◽  
Jin-Xin Zheng ◽  
Wan-Zhong He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Family ◽  
Fission Yeast ◽  
Author Response ◽  
Large Gene Family ◽  
Large Gene
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