The Voiceless Citizens

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 417-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorena Solis
Keyword(s):  
Financial Support ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Right To Know ◽  
Rights Of The Child ◽  
The People ◽  
The Right To Know ◽  
The World ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
The Right ◽  
To Receive

As reproduction by surrogacy increases, the problems arising from surrogacy contracts also increase. Countries around the world are being asked to solve never-before-seen legal problems arising from surrogacy agreements. When trying to solve the newly arisen problems, the rights of the child born from the surrogacy contract tend to be overlooked. Enacted laws try to solve the enforceability of the contract and protect the rights of the parties involved— such as, who are the legal parents of the child if both sides of the agreement wish to keep the child. However, few of these laws address a situation where the opposite is true, a situation in which neither side wants to keep the child. In these situations, the primary focus should be the rights of the child, not the rights of the people involved in the contract. The law should be up to date and ready to protect the well-being of the child—a person who never asked to be born. Specifically, rights such as the citizenship of the child, the right to financial support, the right to inherit, and the right to identity should be protected. The Comment discusses how prepared U.S. and Texas law is to handle problems arising from a surrogacy contract in which neither side wants to keep the child. In this case, a child with intended American parents should have the right to be a U.S. citizen, the right to receive financial support from a party involved in the contract, the right to inherit, and the right to know his or her identity. These problems may not be currently present, but with the increase of surrogacy use, it surely could be an issue in the future.

P–477 The child’s right to know vs. the parents’ right not to tell: the attitudes of couples undergoing fertility treatments towards identity-release gamete donation

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J Simas ◽  
D Braga ◽  
A Setti ◽  
R Melamed ◽  
A Iaconell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Right To Know ◽  
Gamete Donation ◽  
Biological Origin ◽  
Gamete Donor ◽  
The Right To Know ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Study question Do couples undergoing assisted reproduction treatments (ART) have a different perception of anonymous vs identity-release gamete donation than a population interested in the subject? Summary answer Compared with a population interested in the subject, more couples undergoing ART believed the child shouldn’t be given information that would identify the gamete-donor. What is known already Recent research has investigated the psychological well-being of parents and children born through gamete donation, focusing on the possibility of having the donor’s identity revealed. Gamete donors have traditionally been anonymous to recipients and offspring; however, there is a global trend towards programs using donors that are identifiable to the resulting offspring at maturity. While some countries only allow the use of identity-release egg donation, others only allow anonymous-donation, and in some countries both types of donation are practiced. However, the attitudes concerning anonymous vs identity-release gamete donation, in a country where only anonymous donation is allowed, are still unknown. Study design, size, duration This cross-sectional study was performed from 01/Sep/2020 to 15/Dec/2020. For that, surveys through online-platforms were conducted, including either patients undergoing ART, (ART-group, n = 358) or those interested in the subject, who accessed the website of a university-affiliated IVF-center (interested-group, n = 122). Participants in the ART-group were invited via e-mail, with a cover-letter outlining the survey and a link to access it and participants in the interested-group accessed the questionnaire via website. Participants/materials, setting, methods The survey collected information on demographic characteristics and the participant’s attitudes towards anonymity of gamete donors. The questions were: (i) In the case of children conceived through ART, do you believe that revealing the method of conception may affect the relationship between children and their parents? (ii) Once the method of conception is revealed, do you believe that the child has the right to know the gamete donor? (iii) If yes, when? Main results and the role of chance Most of the participants answered that the relationship between children and parents wouldn’t be affected by the child’s knowledge of the origin of their conception, regardless of the group (83.6% vs 82.7%, for ART-group and interested-group, respectively, p = 0.868). Most participants in the ART-group answered that the sperm donor identity shouldn’t be revealed to the child, while only half of the interested-group stated the same (65.4% vs 50.8%, p = 0.044). The same result was observed when participants were asked if the oocyte donor should be identifiable (64.8% vs 50.8%, p = 0.050). When asked when the donor’s identity should be revealed to the child, no significant differences were noted in the responses among the groups (p = 0.868). Most of the participants who believe that the child has the right of learning the donor’s identity, stated that “the donor’s identity should be revealed if the child questions its biological origin” (67.2% vs 67.5%, for ART-group and interested-group, respectively). “Since birth” was the second most common response, (21.0% vs 19.7%, for ART-group and interested-group, respectively), while “when the child turns 18 years-old” (9.2% vs 11.2%, for ART-group and interested-group, respectively), and “sometime during teenage years” (2.5% vs 2.4%, for ART-group and interested-group, respectively) were less common answers. Limitations, reasons for caution Lack of adequate opportunities to conduct face to face interview and lack of knowledge of the real state of the website participants, concerning infertility or being involved in ART. The retrospective nature of the study and the small sample size may also be reasons for caution, Wider implications of the findings: It has been discussed that, whether or not children or parents are harmed by knowing their biological origins, donor offspring have the right to know. However, when facing the situation, couples undergoing ART would argue that in case of gamete donation, there are reasons for not telling the child. Trial registration number Not applicable

The Right to Know, Right to Withhold, and Right to Lie

Worldview ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 6-9
Author(s):  
William J. Barnds
Keyword(s):  
Right To Know ◽  
The Right To Know ◽  
The World ◽  
General Program ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Way

The idealists and crusaders of every age and era develop certain underlying attitudes and values which, while connected with the specific goals they struggle to attain, are clearly distinct from them. Often these attitudes and values grow out of their effort to obtain more limited and specific goals. However, many of the participants in today's turmoil, and particularly the younger ones, seem to have little in the way of a general program — though they often protest against specific acts or situations — but instead proclaim that unless the nation and the world adopt a new set of values no particular set of reforms will leave a lasting imprint.

scholarly journals The question of crime: How much does the public have the right to know?

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joy Cameron-Dow
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Crime Reporting ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Right To Know ◽  
The Public ◽  
Mainstream Media ◽  
International Scale ◽  
The People ◽  
The Right To Know ◽  
The Right

The public right to know is of particular significance when considering the reporting of crime and criminal justice. The internet has demonstrated strong influences upon crime reporting in mainstream media, including the range of material it provides to audiences. In addition, the internet has exposed journalists to new legal and ethical ramifications that accompany reportage on an international scale and, while it may be ‘giving the people what they want’, it has also exacerbated the controversy surrounding the perennial question of how much the public has a right to know. 

scholarly journals ((جرائم العنف الجنسي ضد الأطفال ((دراسة مقارنة

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-194
Author(s):  
نوزاد الشواني
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
International System ◽  
Sexual Exploitation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Violence Against Children ◽  
Rights Of The Child ◽  
The World ◽  
The Right

The child is the bud of life and the right of life in this life is a fundamental right, from which several rights are protected and surrounded by safety until he reaches the age that makes him physically, mentally and psychologically qualified to take over his duties and his duties towards his society and the direction of others.The rights of the child to protection have been little or significant since the inception of the first human being. However, the need for development and the protection of the human race that human senses have begun to create different rights for the child do not in themselves constitute real protection for them . Until it culminated in the era of Islamic light, which embodied the highest forms of protection for this sensitive vulnerable group in society. Voices from around the world called on States to actively intervene through criminal texts to ensure the child's right to be protected from ill-treatment, especially after the international community has issued numerous international instruments and declarations dealing with the rights of the child. The most important of these are the 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child, On the life and development of the child as well as the preservation of his identity and his right to education, health and comfort and to have a standard of living adequate for its growth as well as protect it from exploitation and all kinds of violence. Sexual violence against children involving a child under the age of 18 years, rape or exploitation of sexual activity is not fully understood and can not be granted. The conduct of the offender is contrary to the laws, customs, traditions and customs of the community. The child's physical and mental health, mental, psychological and social well-being are seriously jeopardized. The child is characterized by weak physical strength and poor mental abilities. Therefore, the international system should have called upon the ratifying States to protect the rights that have been adopted in favor of the child With special criminal provisions to protect him from crimes of sexual violence.Sexual violence against children constitutes a grave violation of the rights of the child. It represents a global reality in all countries of the world, but it has become a real phenomenon of concern especially in recent times and in some countries such as Iraq, Syria, Libya and other countries that have become visible as a result of war, displacement, The other reasons, and this calls for immediate treatment through the intervention of the criminal law in most of the world, including Iraqi and Syrian law, the subject of our research, to criminalize these acts protect a range of rights and interests, including: the protection of the right to sexual freedom of the female, The protection of the family entity from collapse and the protection of the offspring from mixing and protecting the social entity from the scourge of moral corruption, and immunization of society from sexual and reproductive diseases. At the national and international levels, this law prohibits any activity that takes the form of rape, sodomy, sexual harassment, sexual exploitation in prostitution or pornographic material Since the Criminal Code is one of the most widely used instruments of the State to protect the legal status of persons and to protect human rights from potential attacks and the conviction of the Iraqi and Syrian legislators of the importance of repudiation and punishment in protecting vulnerable parties within society, for example, their legislation included significant repudiation provisions that criminalize any act or omission May result in a form of sexual violence against children.Thus, by extrapolating the texts of the criminal law of both Iraq and Syria, as well as some of the texts contained in other laws or independently, our research entitled "Sexual Violence Against Children" focused on a scientific plan consisting of two subjects: In the second, I refer to the types of crimes that sexual violence against children has included and we deal with successively and through three demands. First we address the crime of rape and homosexuality. In the second child to indecent assault against the child crime and in the third to the crime of sexual exploitation against children and Khtmana We discussed with the most important conclusions and recommendations

scholarly journals The Donation of Gametes and the Anonimity of the Donors

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-11
Author(s):  
R. Krastev ◽  
V. Mitev
Keyword(s):  
Web Sites ◽  
Right To Know ◽  
Family Status ◽  
The People ◽  
Biological Parents ◽  
The Right To Know ◽  
The Family ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
The Right ◽  
Demographic Features

Summary A study of the public opinion in Bulgaria in regard to the possibility of the adult children, created by gamete donation, to learn who their biological parents are was made. This investigation was an on-line survey. The participants in the study are individuals between 18 and 65 years of age - Internet users. The survey was included into different web sites and this enlarged the number of respondents (up to 994) and 85% of them were persons in fertile age - from 18 to 43 years. The answers of the respondents in relation of the demographic features - gender, age, education, family status and place of living were studied. The data were calculated with the special statistical product SPSS 16. A critical level of significance 0.05 was used. Results: Almost half (47%) of the respondents agree that the children born from gamete donors have the right to know at adulthood their biological parents, 35% disagree and 18% have no opinion. The demographic features influencing the answers of the question are the gender, the education and the family status of the respondents (p < 0.05). Most of the men (60%) consider that the children have the right to know their biological parents while only 44% of the women approve. The highest support of the idea about contact between the donors and their genetic off springs show the people with secondary education (56%) and the most skeptical are the respondents with high non-medical education (40%). The family status influences the opinion of the respondents - the approval of the married and unmarried is 38% and 60%, respectively.

scholarly journals Intentionality of women's actions in labor: a study in social phenomenology

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (suppl 4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda Honnef ◽  
Stela Maris de Mello Padoin ◽  
Cristiane Cardoso de Paula ◽  
Tassiane Ferreira Langendorf
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Emotional Support ◽  
Well Being ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The Right ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Social Phenomenology

ABSTRACT Objective: to understand the intentionality of women's autonomous actions in labor. Methods: a study in Alfred Schütz's social phenomenology, developed with 15 puerperal women admitted to a university hospital in southern Brazil. Data were collected through phenomenological interviews and analyzed according to the adopted framework and the comparison with scientific productions. Results: the actions intended to receive physical and emotional support from their companions, from pregnancy, for a peaceful delivery with less pain, fast and without interventions. The intention was to do the right things for the child's well-being and, after delivery, to be painless and active to take care of their children. Final considerations: women's actions have intentionality arising from their knowledge, which is guided by the social relationships established in the world of life.

PRAVO NA SLOBODAN PRISTUP INFORMACIJAMA OD JAVNOG ZNAČAJA

Glasnik prava ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-101
Author(s):  
Ružica Kijevčanin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
Right To Know ◽  
Access To Information ◽  
Free Society ◽  
The Right To Know ◽  
The World ◽  
Right To Information ◽  
The Right

The right to free access to information of public importance is a condition for the enjoyment of other fundamental human rights and freedoms, and above all freedom of opinion, the right to information, the right to vote, etc. Man is a biological, psychological, legal, economic, but also informational being, so the exchange of information is a daily routine that allows him to learn, upgrade and spread various intellectual products, that is, to function in the world. Democracy and free society, as the ideals of today, imply a tireless struggle for the unhindered exercise of the right to free access to information, the importance of which is reflected in two basic reasons. One reason refers to the fact that a person was born with the right to know, and the other reason is in his political nature. By participating in the elections, an individual chooses his representative whom he trusts, so the least he can expect in return is to be informed about everything that interests him and is in his interest, and what the elected bodies have. The importance of the right to free access to information is immeasurable, so it is also called the "oxygen of democracy".

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