scholarly journals Integration of grazing and herbicide application improves management of barb goatgrass and medusahead in pasture and rangelands

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Travis M. Bean ◽  
Josh S. Davy ◽  
Guy B. Kyser ◽  
Elise S. Gornish
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategy ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Aegilops Triuncialis ◽  
Complete Control ◽  
Boot Stage ◽  
Mendocino County ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Glyphosate Herbicide ◽  
Heading Stage ◽  
Number Of Seeds

The invasive annual grasses barb goatgrass (Aegilops triuncialis L.) and medusahead (Elymus caput-medusae L.) are widespread in western states and present management challenges on grasslands. To develop an integrated management strategy for these species, we treated sites in five pastures in Mendocino County, comparing combinations of intensive sheep grazing, glyphosate herbicide (low and high), and application timings (tillering, boot and heading stage). We found that grazing alone reduced barb goatgrass spikelet densities by 68% and the number of seeds per spikelet by 35%. Both rates of glyphosate application without grazing had similar effects on seed production. High and low glyphosate application at tillering resulted in almost complete control of both target species. Boot- and heading-stage applications reduced barb goatgrass density by 39% and 32%, respectively. Application at the boot stage also resulted in an 82% reduction in number of seeds per barb goatgrass spikelet. Our results suggest that intensive grazing may be a useful management strategy to reduce barb goatgrass and medusahead spikelet densities and barb goatgrass seed numbers, especially when integrated with a boot- or heading-stage glyphosate application.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF PERIODIC SHADING ON THE LENGTH AND SOLIDNESS OF THE INTERNODES OF RESCUE WHEAT

1960 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. D. Holmes ◽  
R. I. Larson ◽  
L. K. Peterson ◽  
M. D. MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Boot Stage ◽  
Stem Solidness ◽  
Heading Stage

Shading at the initiation of elongation shortened the internodes of Rescue wheat whereas shading later in the elongation period caused the internodes to elongate as much as or more than if they had not been shaded.The solidness of the bottom Internode, 1, was reduced mainly by shading from the 2-leaf to the boot stage, while that of Internodes 2 and 3 was reduced mainly by shading from the 4-leaf to the boot stage. The solidness of Internode 4 was reduced mainly by shading from the boot to the heading stage. The solidness in the lower 3 internodes was affected by reduction in light intensity even after the boot stage. Severe lodging occurred only in stems shaded from the boot to the heading stage.Two methods were used for rating stem solidness, namely, measurement in the split stem of proportion of the internode filled with pith, and classification of solidness of cross-sections at designated points in each internode. They were strongly correlated and appeared to give equally accurate estimates of solidness, although their degrees of sensitivity varied with the amount of stem solidness present.

Testing Integrated Management Strategies for Tall Buttercup (Ranunculus acris) in Irrigated Hayfield Meadows

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 385-392
Author(s):  
Hally K. Strevey ◽  
Jane M. Mangold
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategy ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Canadian Province ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Production Research ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Ranunculus Acris ◽  
Plot Design

AbstractTall buttercup is an invasive forb that has been reported in all but eight states and one Canadian province. The species has been of concern in Montana where it has invaded over 8,300 ha, and it has been particularly problematic in irrigated hayfield meadows that are used for forage production. This study sought to develop an integrated management strategy to control tall buttercup while maintaining forage production. Research was conducted over 2 yr at flood-irrigated and subirrigated hayfield meadows near Twin Bridges, MT. Treatments were randomly applied in a split-plot design with four replications at both sites. Herbicide treatments occurred at the whole-plot level: nonsprayed, aminopyralid (172 g ai ha−1), aminocyclopyrachlor + chlorsulfuron (83 g ai ha−1+ 33 g ai ha−1), and dicamba (981 g ai ha−1). Split plots consisted of mowing and fertilization (28 kg N ha−1). All herbicides provided up to 2 yr of tall buttercup control at both sites. In the second year, aminocyclopyrachlor + chlorsulfuron and aminopyralid reduced tall buttercup by 93% and 96%, respectively, for the subirrigated and flood-irrigated sites. At the subirrigated site, mowing reduced tall buttercup by 71%, and fertilization reduced it by 57%. Forage decreased following aminocyclopyrachlor + chlorsulfuron treatments. The integration of herbicide, mowing, and fertilization did not improve tall buttercup control.

YIELD OF SPRING WHEAT IN RELATION TO LEVEL OF INFESTATION BY GREENBUGS (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)

1994 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.W. Kieckhefer ◽  
N.C. Elliott ◽  
W.E. Riedell ◽  
B.W. Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
South Dakota ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Schizaphis Graminum ◽  
Boot Stage ◽  
Steady Decrease ◽  
Number Of Seeds

AbstractThe effect of greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), infestations on yield components of early- and late-planted spring wheat, Triticum aestivum L., were measured in 2 successive years in eastern South Dakota. Greenbug populations in plots generally increased rapidly and peaked when wheat plants were in boot stage. Populations then began a steady decrease until anthesis, at which time they were near zero. The number of seeds per spikelet and the number of spikelets per square metre were consistently significantly negatively correlated with aphid-days, whereas average seed weight was significantly negatively correlated with aphid-days for only one planting. A linear regression model that included different intercepts for each spring wheat planting and a common slope relating yield to greenbug feeding days (aphid-days) provided a good fit to the data. Based on the model, a loss of 41 kg of grain per hectare is expected for each 100 aphid-days that accumulate per tiller.

scholarly journals Integrated management strategy for improving the grain yield and nitrogen-use efficiency of winter wheat

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hai-cheng XU ◽  
Xing-long DAI ◽  
Jin-peng CHU ◽  
Yue-chao WANG ◽  
Li-jun YIN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Use Efficiency ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Nitrogen Use ◽  
Use Efficiency

INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT STRATEGY FOR COMPLEX GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION AT A MEGASITE SCALE

2007 ◽  
pp. 567-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Malina ◽  
Janusz Krupanek ◽  
Judith Sievers ◽  
Jochen Grossmann ◽  
Jeroen ter Meer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Contamination ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Integrated Management

The seed ecology of Aegilops triuncialis: linking trait variation to growing conditions

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew R. Dyer
Keyword(s):  
Seed Mass ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Seed Type ◽  
Aegilops Triuncialis ◽  
Trait Variation ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Small Seed ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Plastic Responses

AbstractAdaptive plastic responses in invasive species allow for establishment and persistence despite the lack of genetic matching to new environments. The capacity of annual species to invade habitats to which they are not adapted is likely to be predicated on post-invasion seed trait variation correlated with conditions in the new habitat. To test this, I compared variation in seed traits and germination patterns of Aegilops triuncialis, an invasive annual grass, from 69 sample populations from 24 sites in California (USA) across 13 years. Seed mass, germination fractions, seed viability, and strength of induced dormancy between dimorphic seed pairs were used to investigate plastic variation within and among populations, across two general soil types, and among two widespread maternal genotypes. I found that seed mass variation was constrained although both seed types showed a 3-fold range among populations, 20–25% variation within populations between years, and was positively correlated with longer growing seasons. However, induced seed dormancy in the small seed type was correlated with large seed mass and to late-season precipitation, suggesting that longer growing seasons influence the strength of maternal and sibling chemical signals that induce dormancy in the small seeds. Thus variation in small seed germination fractions varies with the growing conditions experienced by the maternal plant. The greater longevity of the small seed type suggests that plasticity in germination in this species may contribute to seed bank formation, which is atypical of invasive annual grasses in California, and this may contribute to the persistence and spread of A. triuncialis in invaded ranges.

scholarly journals A Risk Assessment Model for Bacterial Leaf Spot of Pepper (Capsicum annuum), Caused by Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, Based on Concentrations of Macronutrients, Micronutrients, and Micronutrient Ratios

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (11) ◽  
pp. 1331-1338
Author(s):  
B. Dutta ◽  
D. B. Langston ◽  
X. Luo ◽  
S. Carlson ◽  
J. Kichler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Bacterial Leaf Spot ◽  
Phytopathogenic Bacterium ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Xanthomonas Euvesicatoria ◽  
Predicted Values

The phytopathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas euvesicatoria causes bacterial leaf spot (BLS) of pepper and has a worldwide distribution. BLS is difficult to control and an integrated management strategy that incorporates crop rotation, use of clean seed and clean plants, weed control, resistant varieties, applications of bactericides, biocontrol agents, and systemic acquired resistance (SAR) inducers is generally recommended. However, even with that arsenal of weapons, BLS can still be responsible for severe losses under favorable environmental conditions. Thus, additional tools need to be added to an overall integrated management strategy to combat BLS. In this article, we developed several models from 2012 to 2014 that were based on how macronutrients, micronutrients, and micronutrient ratios affect BLS severity. Factors used to select a model for validation included highly significant P values, high adjusted R2 values, low variance inflation factor values (<5), root mean square error, Mallow’s Cp, and high Akaike’s information criterion correction values. In addition, salicylic acid (SA) concentrations and relative expression of nonexpresser pathogenesis-related gene1 (NPR1) and pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1) in pepper tissues were also considered in model selection. A model (ECGA1) consisting of concentrations of copper, manganese, potassium, and the iron/zinc ratio as independent variables was used for validation in three different commercial pepper fields in Georgia: Colquitt County and Worth County in 2015 and Tift County in 2016. When area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) values for two field sites (Colquitt and Worth Counties) in 2015 were pulled together and plotted against ECGA1-predicted values for both sites, the resulting relationship was highly significant (P = 0.0001) with an R2 value of 0.92. A significant relationship between observed AUDPC versus predicted values was also observed in Tift County in 2016 (P < 0.001; adjusted R2 = 0.98). Relative gene expression of both NPR1 and PR1 genes was significantly (P < 0.01) higher in pepper grown in predicted low-risk sites compared with pepper from high-risk sites in Colquitt, Worth, and Tift Counties. Although BLS severity will fluctuate depending on environmental conditions, the data indicate that the level of risk at a particular location may be influenced by how macronutrient and micronutrient concentrations affect plant disease resistance genes in the SAR pathway.

Control of Rattail Fescue (Vulpia myuros) in No-Till Winter Wheat

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 471-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nevin C. Lawrence ◽  
Ian C. Burke
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
No Till ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Production Practices ◽  
Levels Of Control

Rattail fescue is a problematic weed for small grain producers in the Pacific Northwest when no-till production practices are used. Pyroxsulam and pyroxasulfone are two herbicides not previously evaluated for control of rattail fescue. Pyroxasulfone provided levels of control (> 74%) similar to flufenacet. Pyroxsulam did not consistently control (21 to 71%) rattail fescue. Rattail fescue biomass was reduced by pyroxasulfone and flufenacet compared to the nontreated control. Effective consistent rattail fescue control was only achieved where PRE herbicides were used. When managing rattail fescue, PRE herbicides pyroxasulfone and flufenacet plus metribuzin are essential components of an integrated management strategy.

scholarly journals SEASONAL FLUCTUATION OF ASIAN CITRUS PSYLLA POPULATIONS IN THE CITRUS ORCHARDS INFECTED WITH HUANGLONGBING IN SARGODHA, PAKISTAN

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 175
Author(s):  
Yasir Iftikhar ◽  
Imran U. Haq ◽  
Waqas Raza ◽  
Muhammad I. Ullah ◽  
Sajjad Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuation ◽  
Diaphorina Citri ◽  
Citrus Production ◽  
Citrus Orchards ◽  
Citrus Psylla

A study on seasonal fluctuation in Citrus psylla (Diaphorina citri) (CP) population in citrus orchards infected with Huanglongbing was carried out in relation to environmental factors in six tehsils of Sargodha district. The population of citrus psylla was reached to the peak twice in a year. Young flushes favored the build-up in psylla population. Minimum temperature and rainfall had highly significant correlation with build-up in population of citrus psylla in all the six tehsils of Sargodha. Although, high temperature also favored the high population of citrus psylla in two tehsils. August and mid-March to April were the two times when population of citrus psylla reached to the peak. Therefore, an integrated management strategy can be formulated with this study that will not only help in reducing the HLB incidence but also increase in citrus production.

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