scholarly journals Female fruit production depends on female flower production and crown size rather than male density in a continuous population of a tropical dioecious tree (Virola surinamensis )

2016 ◽  
Vol 103 (11) ◽  
pp. 1990-1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Riba-Hernández ◽  
Jorge Lobo Segura ◽  
Jenny Muñoz-Valverde
Keyword(s):  
Female Flower ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Flower Production ◽  
Male Density ◽  
Continuous Population ◽  
Crown Size

scholarly journals Direct and Indirect Effects of Overstory Canopy and Sex-Biased Density Dependence on Reproduction in the Dioecious Shrub Shepherdia canadensis (Elaeagnaceae)

Diversity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Tyler J. Bateman ◽  
Scott E. Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Pollen Competition ◽  
Density Dependent ◽  
Flower Production ◽  
Male Density ◽  
Focal Female ◽  
Shepherdia Canadensis

This study assessed the reproductive success of a temperate dioecious shrub, Canada buffaloberry, Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt., in central Alberta, Canada, by examining the effects of spatial patterns and overstory canopy on flower and fruit production. S. canadensis is more abundant and productive (more fruit) at forest edges and in forest gaps, suggesting a dependence on higher light conditions than is typical of late-seral forests. We used path analysis to demonstrate that flower and fruit production exhibited density-dependent effects at a scale of 50 m2 around focal female plants. Fruit production was positively affected by male intraspecific density (pollen supply) and negatively affected by female intraspecific density (pollen competition), but not correlated with overall intraspecific density. The effects of sex-differentiated density are partly due to pollinator responses to male plant density. Flower production was positively affected by overall intraspecific density. A pollen supplementation trial doubled fruit production relative to a control, demonstrating that local male density (pollen availability) and pollinator activity can limit fruit production in S. canadensis. Canopy cover was negatively related to both flower and total fruit production, with approximately one-third (34%) of the total effect of canopy on fruit production due to the effect of canopy on flower production. The commonly observed negative association between canopy cover and fruit production in buffaloberry, therefore, is partly a result of the reduction first in flower number and second in fruit set. This study clarifies the mechanisms associated with the often-noted observation, but not previously assessed at the level of individuals, that reproductive output in S. canadensis is density dependent, limited by canopy cover through reductions in both flowering and fruit set, and pollinator limited. These findings hold implications for managing animal species that depend on the fruit of S. canadensis and suggest future directions for research on dioecious and actinorhizal species.

Rapport des sexes, effort et succès de reproduction chez Rubus chamaemorus, plante herbacée vivace dioïque de distribution subarctique

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (12) ◽  
pp. 2628-2639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascale Dumas ◽  
Lucie Maillette
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Sex Ratios ◽  
Female Flower ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Dioecious Species ◽  
Pollinator Behaviour ◽  
Rubus Chamaemorus

Studies published on the reproductive success of dioecious species concentrate on the role of sex ratios and pollinator behaviour. In the case of Rubus chamaemorus L., a circumboreal dioecious species, we hypothesized that flower survival and biomass allocation to reproductive tissues, which are climate dependent, also influence fruit production. Only 0.05% of total biomass is allocated to reproduction, whereas 94% goes to underground organs responsible for vegetative propagation. Many male (28 – 51%) and female flower buds (35 – 54%) and young fruits (24–51%) die prematurely mainly because of the climate; fruit production then becomes independent from initial female flower density. The scarcity of female flowers at most sites (except near open water) limits fruit production. The limited sexual reproduction would allow cloudberry to maintain somatic resources, thereby increasing the longevity of individuals and their chance of encountering the climatic conditions required for reproductive success. Such a strategy is adaptive in a variable climate like that of the subarctic. Furthermore, the reduced importance of sexual reproduction would diminish the need to optimize sex ratios. Other selective pressures (e.g., competition) would then favour male clones in most sites, in spite of the unproductive pollen excess.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF DRIP IRRIGATION ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF COD X WCT COCONUT (COCOS NUCIFERA L.) HYBRID

CORD ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 20 (01) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
R. Dhanapal ◽  
H. P. Maheswarappa ◽  
P. Subramanian ◽  
Ajay Kumar Upadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Cocos Nucifera ◽  
Female Flower ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Flower Production ◽  
Basin Irrigation ◽  
Cocos Nucifera L ◽  
Plantation Crops

A field experiment on drip irrigation for Chowghat Orange Dwarf X West Coast Tall (COD X WCT) coconut hybrid was conducted in laterite soil at Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod (Kerala, India) to study the drip irrigation requirement and its influence on growth and yield.  The treatments included were three levels of drip irrigation (at 33, 66 and 100% E0 daily), basin irrigation  (100%  E0)  and  rainfed  control.     The  experimental  results  revealed  that  annual  leaf production and leaf nutrient status of coconut palm was significantly higher in the irrigated treatments compared to the rainfed control. The female flower production and nut yield with 66 per cent of Eo was on par with 100 per cent of Eo through drip and 100 per cent of Eo through basin irrigation and significantly  superior  compared  to drip irrigation  at 33 per cent of E0  and rainfed  control.   Drip irrigation equal to 66 per cent of open pan evaporation (Eo) proved to be the economically efficient method of irrigation with water saving of 34 per cent compared to 100 per cent of Eo through basin and drip method.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF SMOKE AND ETHYLENE ON THE FRUITING OF THE PINEAPPLE (ANANAS SATIVUS SHULT)

1969 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-18
Author(s):  
Antonio G. Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Ethylene Treatment ◽  
Flower Production ◽  
Large Size ◽  
General Flowering ◽  
Significant Difference

1. The experiments using smoke on pineapple plants in the field confirm the results obtained in practice by certain growers in Puerto Rico. The use of this process in the field resulted in a general flowering of all plants and early fruit production. 2: There was no relation between the quantity of smoke used and the response of plants. This indicates a wide latitude as regards concentration of smoke. 3. The age of the plants was not a factor hindering the effect of smoke treatment. 4. From the results obtained in the smoke treatments and ethylene treatments it seems that one or more constituents in smoke and not the temperature produced are responsible for the hastening of bloom. 5. Under the conditions in which smoke treatments were given to field plants, smoke was not toxic. 6. Large-size fruits were obtained following the smoke treatments. 7. The treatment with smoke previous to planting gave no appreciable response. 8. Slips and suckers treated with ethylene previous to planting flowered six months before the control plants. 9. Fruits obtained from ethylene treatments were undersize. Suckers yielded larger fruits than slips. 10. No significant difference was noted with the several concentrations of gas when used on slips and suckers. 11. The results obtained indicate that the ethylene treatment has modified metabolism and induced flower production.

scholarly journals Brassinosteriod-induced Femaleness in Cucumber and Relationship to Ethylene Production

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 1763-1767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Papadopoulou ◽  
Rebecca Grumet
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Female Flower ◽  
Sex Expression ◽  
Bisexual Flower ◽  
Flower Production ◽  
Total Female ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Male Flowers ◽  
Cucurbitaceae Family

The Cucurbitaceae family is noted for a diversity of sex expression phenotypes. Typically, a phase of male flowers precedes either female or bisexual flower production. Sex determination of individual flowers is regulated by a combination of genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors. Ethylene, auxins, and gibberellins have all been shown to influence flower sex expression in cucurbits. Ethylene, which promotes femaleness, plays a predominant role. In this study, we tested whether brassinosteroids (BR), a more recently identified class of plant hormones, also influences cucurbit sex expression. Applied epi-brassinolide (epi-BL) caused a significant decrease in time of appearance of the first female flower on monoecious cucumber plants, and increased total female flowers on the main stem. Increasing concentrations had a stronger effect. Of the three species tested, cucumber, melon and zucchini, cucumber was the most responsive to BR. Application of epi-BL also caused an increase in ethylene production by cucumber and zucchini seedlings, suggesting that the BR effect may be mediated by ethylene. To investigate the possible relationship between BR and ethylene on sex expression, we identified the concentration of ethephon (5 ppm) that caused an increase in ethylene production comparable to that induced by 10 μm epi-BL (approximately two-fold). Treatment with 5 ppm ethephon was sufficient to increase femaleness of cucumber plants, but not zucchini plants, suggesting that the difference in response to epi-BL treatment may reflect differences in sensitivity to ethylene. Collectively, our results indicate that application of brassinosteroids to cucumber cause earlier and increased female flower production, and that the effects may be mediated, at least in part, by brassinosteroid-induced production of ethylene.

Flower Stimulation Treatments in a Loblolly Pine Seed Orchard

1991 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. C. Wheeler ◽  
D. L. Bramlett
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Female Flower ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Single Treatment ◽  
Considerable Effort ◽  
Seed Orchards ◽  
Flower Production ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
A Site

Abstract Flowering in conifer seed orchards may be sporadic and insufficient to meet reforestation needs at early ages. Consequently, considerable effort has been made to develop cultural treatments to enhance flowering in operational seed orchards. For a number of species, flower-promoting technology is well-defined. This study evaluated two known technologies, currently in use for other species, for flower-promoting effects in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). A replicated experiment was installed in a 10-year-old, second-generation loblolly pine seed orchard at Lyons, GA. Overlapping, saw-cut girdles and stem-injected GA4/7 were applied alone, and in combination, to main boles of ramets of four clones. Timing of treatments was evaluated using four treatment dates. All treatments significantly enhanced female flower production, relative to controls, although girdling was clearly the most effective single treatment. There was no treatment effect on pollen production. Timing of treatment is important but may require evaluation on a site-by-site basis. Tree health 1 year after treatment was excellent, although clonal sensitivity to some treatments was noted. Use of flower stimulation techniques is recommended, particularly for younger loblolly pine orchards. South J. Appl. For. 15(1):44-50.

scholarly journals Impacts of Elevated Atmospheric CO2and O3on Paper Birch (Betula papyrifera): Reproductive Fitness

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 240-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph N. T. Darbah ◽  
Mark E. Kubiske ◽  
Neil Nelson ◽  
Elina Oksanen ◽  
Elina Vaapavuori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Female Flower ◽  
Reproductive Fitness ◽  
Seedling Mortality ◽  
Flower Production ◽  
Paper Birch

Atmospheric CO2and tropospheric O3are rising in many regions of the world. Little is known about how these two commonly co-occurring gases will affect reproductive fitness of important forest tree species. Here, we report on the long-term effects of CO3and O3for paper birch seedlings exposed for nearly their entire life history at the Aspen FACE (Free Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment) site in Rhinelander, WI. Elevated CO2increased both male and female flower production, while elevated O3increased female flower production compared to trees in control rings. Interestingly, very little flowering has yet occurred in combined treatment. Elevated CO2had significant positive effect on birch catkin size, weight, and germination success rate (elevated CO2increased germination rate of birch by 110% compared to ambient CO2concentrations, decreased seedling mortality by 73%, increased seed weight by 17%, increased root length by 59%, and root-to-shoot ratio was significantly decreased, all at 3 weeks after germination), while the opposite was true of elevated O3(elevated O3decreased the germination rate of birch by 62%, decreased seed weight by 25%, and increased root length by 15%). Under elevated CO2, plant dry mass increased by 9 and 78% at the end of 3 and 14 weeks, respectively. Also, the root and shoot lengths, as well as the biomass of the seedlings, were increased for seeds produced under elevated CO2, while the reverse was true for seedlings from seeds produced under the elevated O3. Similar trends in treatment differences were observed in seed characteristics, germination, and seedling development for seeds collected in both 2004 and 2005. Our results suggest that elevated CO2and O3can dramatically affect flowering, seed production, and seed quality of paper birch, affecting reproductive fitness of this species.

Fruit set in lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.). Variation between flowers, panicles and trees

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 1163 ◽  
Author(s):  
CA McConchie ◽  
DJ Batten
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Female Flower ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Litchi Chinensis ◽  
Female Phase ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Female Flowers

The ability of lychee cv. Bengal (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) female flowers to produce fruit has been investigated within individual panicles. Female flowers were pollinated with pollen from the same cultivar or removed manually. These experiments showed that 13.3% of the flowers opening on the first three days of the female phase of anthesis produced fruit. This was significantly fewer than the 22.8% of female flowers opening 4 to 6 days after commencement of female anthesis. Only 9.2% of flowers produced fruit on panicles in which every female flower was pollinated and none removed. No panicle yielded more than 28 fruit. The variation in female flower fecundity within a panicle, and the decrease in the proportion of flowers that yielded fruit as the number of flowers pollinated per panicle increased imply that comparisons between different treatments to lychee flowers should be made on entire panicles and not individual flowers. There was no difference between replicates of treatments on the same tree nor in the performance of individual trees. The time of day that pollination was performed appeared to have little effect on the percentage of fruit retained. There was no obvious relationship between prevailing weather conditions on the day of pollination and fruit production.

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