Leaf size in three generations of a dioecious tropical tree,Ocotea tenera(Lauraceae): Sexual dimorphism and changes with age

2012 ◽  
Vol 99 (8) ◽  
pp. 1350-1355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathaniel T. Wheelwright ◽  
Jordan P. Sinclair ◽  
Cris Hochwender ◽  
Fredric J. Janzen
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Tropical Tree ◽  
Three Generations

Scaling of Petiole Dimensions with Respect to Leaf Size for a Tropical Tree, Scaphium macropodum (Sterculiaceae), in Borneo

1999 ◽  
Vol 112 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshihiro Yamada ◽  
Eizi Suzuki ◽  
Takuo Yamakura
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Size ◽  
Tropical Tree

Insularity effects on the morphological space and sexual dimorphism of a tropical tree lizard in western Mexico

2020 ◽  
Vol 311 (4) ◽  
pp. 277-285
Author(s):  
H. H. Siliceo‐Cantero ◽  
J. Benítez‐Malvido ◽  
I. Suazo‐Ortuño
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Tropical Tree ◽  
Western Mexico ◽  
Tree Lizard

scholarly journals High rates of evolution preceded shifts to sex-biased gene expression in Leucadendron, the most sexually dimorphic angiosperms

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Scharmann ◽  
Anthony G Rebelo ◽  
John R Pannell
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Sex Bias ◽  
Evolution Of Sex ◽  
Rates Of Evolution ◽  
Expression Evolution ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
And Shifts

Differences between males and females are usually more subtle in dioecious plants than animals, but strong sexual dimorphism has evolved convergently in the South African Cape plant genus Leucadendron. Such sexual dimorphism in leaf size is expected largely to be due to differential gene expression between the sexes. We compared patterns of gene expression in leaves among ten Leucadendron species across the genus. Surprisingly, we found no positive association between sexual dimorphism in morphology and the number or the percentage of sex-biased genes. Sex bias in most sex-biased genes evolved recently and was species-specific. We compared rates of evolutionary change in expression for genes that were sex-biased in one species but unbiased in others and found that sex-biased genes evolved faster in expression than un-biased genes. This greater rate of expression evolution of sex-biased genes, also documented in animals, might suggest the possible role of sexual selection in the evolution of gene expression. However, our comparative analysis clearly indicates that the more rapid rate of expression evolution of sex-biased genes predated the origin of bias, and shifts towards bias were depleted in signatures of adaptation. Our results are thus more consistent with the view that sex bias is simply freer to evolve in genes less subject to constraints in expression level.

scholarly journals Leaf size and leaf display of thirty-eight tropical tree species

Oecologia ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 158 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lourens Poorter ◽  
Danaë M. A. Rozendaal
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Tropical Tree ◽  
Tropical Tree Species

A comparison of traditional elasticity and variance-standardized perturbation analyses: a case study with the tropical tree species Manilkara zapota (Sapotaceae)

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Antonio Cruz-Rodríguez ◽  
Lauro López-Mata ◽  
Teresa Valverde
Keyword(s):  
Perturbation Analysis ◽  
Transition Probabilities ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Tropical Tree ◽  
Vital Rates ◽  
Elasticity Analysis ◽  
Manilkara Zapota ◽  
Demographic Processes ◽  
The Impact

Abstract:Knowledge of the population dynamics of tropical trees has expanded considerably in the past 20 years. An important observation deriving from these investigations is the confirmation that population behaviour varies both in time and space. A tool recently developed to evaluate the potential for variation in vital rates, and therefore in population growth rate, is variance-standardized perturbation analysis (VSPA). In this paper we report the results of a 2-y demographic analysis of a population of the tropical tree Manilkara zapota in a subtropical rain forest in the Mexican state of Veracruz, in which variance-standardized perturbation analysis was applied and compared with the results of the traditional elasticity analyses. To build population projection matrices, we tagged and followed a sample of 91 juvenile and adult individuals, and 635 seedlings. We subdivided the sample in nine size classes (defined by tree height and dbh; as well as leaf size, in the case of seedlings) and estimated transition probabilities and fecundity for each class. The demography of M. zapota varied greatly from the first to the second year of study (in 1998–1999, λ = 0.987, while in 1999–2000, λ = 1.038) due to negligible seed production during the first year and a massive reproductive event during the second. The largest elasticity values for both years corresponded to persistence of large juveniles and adults. Although the fecundity entries showed very low elasticity values, the variance-standardized perturbation analysis revealed the importance of these matrix entries; transition to larger categories and retrogression to smaller ones of saplings and juveniles were also important demographic processes contributing to variation in λ according to the VSPA. Thus, although the results of elasticity analysis and VSPA were similar for the 1998–1999 matrix, they differed substantially for the 1999–2000 matrix. In the latter, the VSPA enhanced the importance of demographic processes that are intuitively relevant for the population studied. This points toward the necessity of further exploring the use of VSPA, since it offers several advantages over the traditional elasticity analysis: it concentrates on the impact on λ of vital rates that actually vary, and the interpretation of the results is more realistic and straightforward.

scholarly journals Small-scale variations in leaf shape under anthropogenic disturbance in dioecious forest forb mercurialis perennis: A geometric morphometric examination

2016 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 705-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vukica Vujic ◽  
Luka Rubinjoni ◽  
Sara Selakovic ◽  
Dragana Cvetkovic
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Leaf Level ◽  
Leaf Size And Shape ◽  
Shape And Size

Plants are exposed to increasing levels of diverse human activities that have profound effects on their overall morphology and, specifically, on leaf morphology. Anthropogenic disturbances in urban and suburban forest recreational sites are attracting growing research interest. To explore the persisting recreational impact on leaf shape and size, we conducted a field study on the dioecious forb Mercurialis perennis L. (Euphorbiaceae), typical for undisturbed understory communities. We selected adjacent sites in a suburban forest, which experience contrasting regimes of disturbance by human trampling under otherwise concordant natural conditions. Patterns of leaf shape and size variation and putative sex-specific response to disturbance were analyzed using a geometric morphometric approach. In addition to leaf-level data, plant height, internode and leaf number were analyzed to explore the same response at the whole-plant level. The results show significant variations associated with disturbance at both levels: plants growing under a heavy disturbance regime had shorter stems with a greater number of wider and shorter leaves. Significant differences between sites were also found for leaf size, with larger leaves observed in an undisturbed site. The effects of sex and sex x site interaction on leaf size and shape were nonsignificant, pointing to the absence of sexual dimorphism and sex-specific response to disturbance. Contrary to leaf shape and size, all three analyzed shoot traits showed highly significant sexual dimorphism, with male plants being higher and having higher leaf and internode count.

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