scholarly journals Analysis of Floristic Diversity and Quantification of Diameter Class Aboveground Biomass (AGB) and Carbon Stocks of Afromontane Vegetation of Nkoanenkole Forest Reserve (NCFR) in Northern Tanzania

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-31
Author(s):  
Canisius J Kayombo ◽  
Simon Lukumay ◽  
Henry John Kaguo ◽  
Pamela Kessy ◽  
Victor Kahaya
Keyword(s):  
Relative Density ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Floristic Diversity ◽  
Forest Reserve ◽  
Number Species

Nkoanenkole Forest Reserve (NCFR) is such a potential area in floristic diversity within a relatively small area of 370.2 ha. The study was conducted in 2018 to analyze the floristic diversity and quantify the tree species aboveground biomass and carbon stocks of Nkoanenkole Catchment Forest Reserve (NCFR) in Arumeru District, Arusha-Tanzania. Systematic random sampling was applied, whereby a 24 with a 15 m radius (706.5 m2) were set at an inter plot and transect distance of 350 m. The plant species were identified by their botanical names, determined for abundance, and trees with ≥5cm DBH were measured. Shannon Wiever (H’), and Simpson indices were applied to calculate the index of diversity. Also, density and relative density were calculated. The AGB and AGC mg ha-1 were calculated using allometric models. 147 plant species were identified from the 24 sample plots, of which 54 were trees, 31 shrubs and lianas, 48 herbs, 3 sedges, 6 grass species, and 6 belonged to the ferns. The calculate H’ was 3.3316 for trees with an index of dominance of 0.053, and 2.449 for shrubs and lianas, sedges, herbs, and ferns with an index of dominance of 0.00.3135. The families of Euphorbiaceae, Rubiaceae, Fabaceae, and Asteraceae were determined to be the most dominant in terms of the number species. The identified tree seedlings were 14 with an abundance of 136, the density of 16.513±0.590, and a relative density of 20.14±0.73. Bersama abyssinica and Psychotria riparia were the most dominant tree seedlings. The DBH-class of 15±5 had the highest AGB (kg) and AGC mg ha-1, followed by 25±15, 55±45, 65±55, and the rest. NCFR is latent for its biodiversity, hence recommending further study on biological diversity, the possibility for upgrading the NCFR to the nature reserve, encourage beekeeping as potential pollinators, discourage illegal human activities through education and regular patrols.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF SINGLE TREES ON FLORISTIC DIVERSITY OF STEPPE MEADOWS AND POPULATION STRUCTURE OF SOME RARE PLANT SPECIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
E.V. Ruchinskaya ◽  
◽  
A.V. Gornov
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Floristic Composition ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Rare Plant ◽  
Floristic Diversity ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Rare Plant Species

In the zone of broad-leaved forests of the European Russia, steppe meadows have been preserved showing rich floristic composition and making a significant contribution to the biological diversity of the territories. Bryansk oblast is one of the forest regions in Russia where such meadows are found. Here, steppe meadows with high floristic diversity and a large number of rare plant species have survived. Trees from surrounding forest areas are constantly encroaching on these meadows. Most of the young trees die from regular grass fires and economic activity. However, some individuals survive and reach a generative state, becoming relatively resistant to ground fires. The influence of single trees on the floristic diversity of steppe meadows was studied at two levels of living system organization – coenotic and population levels. Polydominant steppe meadows and polydominant steppe meadows with single generative trees were studied at the coenotic level; and coenopopulations of Iris aphylla, Anemone sylvestris, and Anthericum ramosum were studied at the population level. Collecting the material, we used different methods: geobotanical, demographic, and measurements of environmental factors (illumination, slope steepness, and the frequency of grass fires). Polydominant steppe meadows were found to be were preserved in the middle part of steep slopes unsuitable for haymaking and grazing and subjected to infrequent grass fires. These communities have high floristic diversity and stable coenopopulations of model species. Ontogenetic spectra of Anemone sylvestris, Anthericum ramosum, and Iris aphylla are of the complete left-hand type with the maximum number of individuals. Single trees (Quercus robur, Tilia cordata) have controversial influence on the vegetation of polydominant steppe meadows. On the one hand, with the introduction of trees, species diversity of communities increases. This is due to the fact that trees offer resting places and shelter for birds that spread plant diaspores. On the other hand, mature trees shade the herb cover. This leads to cover reduction and occurrence of steppe and dry meadow species, as well as affects their population structure. The ontogenetic spectrum of Anemone sylvestris is still complete, whereas that of Iris aphylla becomes incomplete, and the spectrum of Anthericum ramosum becomes unfinished.

scholarly journals The Determination of Floristic Diversity within Image Forest Reserve (IFR) Land Cover Types, Kilolo District, Tanzania

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Canisius John Kayombo ◽  
Henry Joseph Ndangalasi ◽  
Cosmas Mligo ◽  
Richard Alphonce Giliba
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Conservation Strategy ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
Floristic Diversity ◽  
Forest Reserve ◽  
Land Cover Types ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Bare Land

Image Forest Reserve (IFR) in the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania is known for its high floristic diversity within the various land cover types. The study was conducted from August to October 2019 to determine the floristic diversity in IFR. A total of 170, 20m x 40m were systematically set at an inter-plot interval of 250 m within the land cover types. Plants were identified for their botanical names, determined for A, and herbarium specimens were collected and identified later at the DSM herbarium and NHT in Arusha. Also, 2m x 5m nested subplots were set to determine shrubs and saplings, while 1m x 1m were laid for non-woody plants and tree seedlings. The Shannon index of diversity (H') and index of dominance (ID) were calculated using the H’ and ID indices; plant species evenness (J′) was also calculated. ANOVA was used to compare species composition parameters among the different land cover types. A total of 502 plant species were identified in IFR. Woodland had the largest number of plant species (38.0%) followed by trees (31.0%), shrubland and grassland (21.9%) and bare land and rocks (9.1%). The forest had the largest number of trees (115) followed by woodland (93), shrubland and grassland, and bare land and rocks had the least species diversity. The woodland had the largest relative abundance (50.3%), trailed by forest (38.9%), shrubland and grassland (8.8%), and bare land and rocks (1.9%). The H’, A, ID and J’ showed a significant difference within the forest, woodland, shrubland and grassland, and bare land and rocks. The largest plant species diversity group had an H' < 0.0195 (230 - plant species). The medium group H' ranged from ≥ 0.0195 - ≤ 0.0504 (55-plant species), and the largest H' group ranged from ≥ 0.0649 - ≤ 0.3358 with only 10 plant species. The plant species with the largest abundance had also the largest H’, and D, and hence were suggested to be the most abundant. The A, number of species (S), H’, and ID were suggested to differ significantly within the land cover types. The floristic diversity findings establish their presence and create awareness towards the conservation strategy priorities for Tanzania Forest Agency. The survey team recommends further research on biological species of IFR, participatory forest management to stimulate the sense of ownership responsibility, implementation of laws and bylaws, land cover types gaps restoration, introduction of non-woody income-generating projects, provision of regular education to the community, awareness creation on forest resources conservation, ensure permanent boundaries beacons.

Illegal rattan extraction trends in the Ankasa Conservation Area in Ghana

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 84-92
Author(s):  
R. Obour, D. Amankwaa, A. Asare
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Sampling Techniques ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
Forest Reserve ◽  
The North ◽  
Non Timber Forest Products

Protected Areas (PAs) are created for the protection and maintenance of biological diversity, but many of Ghana’s PAs are subjectto severe pressures and threats, the main pressures being the illegal extraction of natural resources. Rattans are indisputablyone of the most important Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in Ghana’s Protected Areas that is without doubt one of thereasons for which it has drawn the attention of researchers. In this study the illegal rattan extraction patterns in the AnkasaConservation Area (ACA) in Ghana was inspected. Simple random sampling and Snowball sampling techniques were used. Datacollection employed the use of semi-structured questionnaires, interviews and field enumeration of rattans as well as an analysisof Effective Patrol Man-days (EPMDS) from 2004 to 2012. The results showed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.75, p<0.05, r2 = 0.557) between patrol effort and rattan extraction encounters. In addition, there was a general reduction in illegalrattan extraction encounters from 2004 to 2012 at a rate of 4.3 per year. The highest illegal rattan extraction incidences wererecorded in 2006 (76 encounters), 2005 (35 encounters), 2008 (22 encounters), 2004 (18 encounters) and the least incidencewere recorded in both 2010 (3 encounters) and 2011 (3 encounters).The research also revealed that Eremospatha macrocarpawas the most extracted rattan species followed by Laccosperma secundiflorum. The major rattan extraction and trade routesoriginate in the northern parts and in the area east of the reserve and also south of Draw River Forest Reserve. Generally, rattanpoaching in Ankasa Conservation Area has declined, but there are still human incursions in the northern part of the reserve. Thestudy recommended an intensification of patrols in the north of the reserve. Also, enrichment planting and Agroforestry practicesof inter-cropping rattans with seasonal crops should be pursued vigorously for the local communities.

scholarly journals Big hitting collectors make massive and disproportionate contribution to the discovery of plant species

2012 ◽  
Vol 279 (1736) ◽  
pp. 2269-2274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel P. Bebber ◽  
Mark A. Carine ◽  
Gerrit Davidse ◽  
David J. Harris ◽  
Elspeth M. Haston ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
Fundamental Goal ◽  
The World ◽  
Plant Families ◽  
The Right ◽  
Geographical Locations

Discovering biological diversity is a fundamental goal—made urgent by the alarmingly high rate of extinction. We have compiled information from more than 100 000 type specimens to quantify the role of collectors in the discovery of plant diversity. Our results show that more than half of all type specimens were collected by less than 2 per cent of collectors. This highly skewed pattern has persisted through time. We demonstrate that a number of attributes are associated with prolific plant collectors: a long career with increasing productivity and experience in several countries and plant families. These results imply that funding a small number of expert plant collectors in the right geographical locations should be an important element in any effective strategy to find undiscovered plant species and complete the inventory of the world flora.

Floristic Diversity Along An Altitudinal Gradient in Lakadmandi Beat of Kalatop Khajjiar Wildlife Sanctuary of District Chamba, Himachal Pradesh

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-110
Author(s):  
R. Verma
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Altitudinal Gradient ◽  
Himachal Pradesh ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Floristic Diversity ◽  
Wildlife Sanctuary ◽  
Cedrus Deodara ◽  
Quercus Leucotrichophora ◽  
Herb Species

A study was conducted to understand the floristic diversity along an altitudinal gradient with elevations varying from 1800-2400m above msl in Lakadmandi beat of Kalatop Khajjiar Wildlife Sanctuary in district Chamba, Himachal Pradesh during 2011. Total number of plant species was 81 belonging to 52 families and 76 genera. The dominant families were Asteraceae, Rosaceae, Pinaceae and Polygonaceae. The number of trees species was 6, 6 and 10 with the dominance of Quercus leucotrichophora, Cedrus deodara and Cedrus deodara at 1800-2000m, 2000-2200m and 2200-2400m elevation ranges respectively. The number of shrub species was 16, 13 and 23 with the dominance of Quercus leucotrichophora sapling, Sarcococca saligna and Sarcococca saligna at 1800-2000m, 2000-2200m and 2200-2400m elevations respectively. The number of herb species was 46, 46 and 58 at 1800-2000m, 2000-2200m and 2200-2400m elevation ranges respectively. On the basis of Importance Value Index (IVI), Valeriana jatamansii was the dominant herb at 2000-2200m and 2200-2400m elevation ranges respectively. The distribution pattern of most of plant species was contiguous at all altitudinal ranges. Index of diversity for herb species in these elevational ranges was 3.420, 3.568 and 3.250. Out of 40 medicinal plant species recorded from the area, 3 species i.e. Paris polyphylla, Podophyllum hexandrum and Taxus wallichiana fall in the category of threatened plants. The better conservation of natural resources can be done through promotion of community based conservation, ex-situ conservation through tissue culture, developing cultivation technologies and nurseries of medicinal plants and conducting of regular training on the procedure of medicinal plants collection and processing among the end users.

Floristic Diversity of Asan Wetland, Uttarakhand: A Checklist

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-137
Author(s):  
Mohit Kumar Singh ◽  
◽  
A.K. Tripathi ◽  
V. Jeeva ◽  
Sumer Chandra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eichhornia Crassipes ◽  
Aquatic Macrophyte ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Hydrilla Verticillata ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Floristic Diversity ◽  
Tall Grass ◽  
Resistant Species ◽  
The Given ◽  
Support Research

Asan wetland is a man-made wetland located in Uttarakhand state. In the given study, efforts have been made to study the floristic diversity and species composition of the aquatic macrophyte in Asan wetland and provide a check list. Sixty seven species were recorded under 32 families being maximum in Cyperaceae followed by Poaceae and Asteraceae. Remaining families comprised either one or two species each. Among all the recorded species, monocots (54%) were dominated over dicots (42%) and remaining 4% comprised ferns. Herbaceous macrophytes were found growing abundantly (54%) which are followed in degree of prevalence by the grasses (21%), sedges (18%), shrubs (4%) and climbers (3%). In addition, this study also revealed that pollution resistant species like Bacopa monnieri, Hydrilla verticillata, Vallisneria spiralis and Eichhornia crassipes along with tall grass species which grow in shallow water are spreading considerably that indicates an increasing pollution in the wetland. The present study will provide an important set of informations to support research work like limnological studies, productivity, conservation and management programs of this wetland.

scholarly journals Cloning and Mapping of a Putative Barley NADPH-Dependent HC-Toxin Reductase

1997 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Han ◽  
A. Kleinhofs ◽  
A. Kilian ◽  
S. E. Ullrich
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Chromosome 9 ◽  
Immature Embryos ◽  
Chromosome 1 ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Cochliobolus Carbonum ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
High Conservation ◽  
Hc Toxin

The NADPH-dependent HC-toxin reductase (HCTR), encoded by Hm1 in maize, inactivates HC-toxin produced by the fungus Cochliobolus carbonum, and thus confers resistance to the pathogen. The fact that C. carbonum only infects maize (Zea mays) and is the only species known to produce HC-toxin raises the question: What are the biological functions of HCTR in other plant species? An HCTR-like enzyme may function to detoxify toxins produced by pathogens which infect other plant species (R. B. Meeley, G. S. Johal, S. E. Briggs, and J. D. Walton, Plant Cell, 4:71–77, 1992). Hm1 homolog in rice (Y. Hihara, M. Umeda, C. Hara, Q. Liu, S. Aotsuka, K. Toriyama, and H. Uchimiya, unpublished) and HCTR activity in barley, wheat, oats and sorghum have been reported (R. B. Meeley and J. D. Walton, Plant Physiol. 97:1080–1086, 1993). To investigate the sequence conservation of Hm1 and HCTR in barley and the possible relationship of barley Hm1 homolog to the known disease resistance genes, we cloned and mapped a barley (Hordeum vulgare) Hm1-like gene. A putative full-length cDNA clone, Bhm1-18, was isolated from a cDNA library consisting of mRNA from young leaves, inflorescences, and immature embryos. This 1,297-bp clone encodes 363 amino acids which show great similarity (81.6%) with the amino acid sequence of HM1 in maize. Two loci were mapped to barley molecular marker linkage maps with Bhm1-18 as the probe; locus A (Bhm1A) on the long arm of chromosome 1, and locus B (Bhm1B) on the short arm of chromosome 1 which is syntenic to maize chromosome 9 containing the Hm2 locus. The Bhm1-18 probe hybridized strongly to a Southern blot of a wide range of grass species, indicating high conservation of HCTR at the DNA sequence level among grasses. The HCTR mRNA was detected in barley roots, leaves, inflorescences, and immature embryos. The conservation of the HCTR sequence, together with its expression in other plant species (R. B. Meeley and J. D. Walton, Plant Physiol. 97:1080–1086, 1993), suggests HCTR plays an important functional role in other plant species.

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